Będkowska Daria, Al-Ameri Sara, Wieczorek Agnieszka, Bubak Joanna, Miszczak Marta
EZA Student Science Club, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland.
Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Wrocław, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 Norwida St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
Cancers (Basel). 2025 Feb 10;17(4):596. doi: 10.3390/cancers17040596.
This review comprehensively compares lymphoma in humans and dogs, highlighting the canine model's utility in translational research. Canine lymphoma (cL), predominantly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mirrors human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in its clinical presentation, including lymphadenopathy, systemic symptoms (e.g., fever, weight loss), and hematological abnormalities. Morphologically, cL and NHL share similarities in DLBCL subtypes (centroblastic, immunoblastic, anaplastic), although some variations exist, such as the presence of macronuclear medium-sized cells in canine polymorphonuclear centroblastic lymphoma, not observed in humans. Canine and human lymphomas share molecular mechanisms, including the activation of key pathways like NF-κB and mTOR, and genetic and epigenetic alterations. The tumor microenvironment influences tumor growth and immune evasion in both species. Both species exhibit similar responses to chemotherapy, primarily CHOP-based protocols, although canine lymphoma often progresses more rapidly, offering advantages for shorter clinical trials. Molecular targeted therapy is emerging as a promising treatment, with human therapies like rituximab and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy showing efficacy, and canine treatments still developing. Epidemiological data reveal overlapping risk factors, including exposure to environmental carcinogens (e.g., household chemicals, pollution) and the potential influence of sex hormones, although the role of sex hormones requires further investigation in canines. While staging systems differ slightly (Lugano modification of Ann Arbor for humans, WHO system for dogs), both consider disease extent and systemic involvement. Prognostic factors, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, are relevant in human NHL but have not shown consistent utility in cL. This study concludes that the spontaneous development of cL in immunocompetent dogs, coupled with its clinical, histological, and therapeutic similarities to human NHL, makes the canine model invaluable for preclinical research, accelerating the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapies for both human and canine lymphoma. The shared environmental risk factors and shorter disease progression in dogs further enhance the translational potential of this model, promoting a One Health approach to cancer research.
本综述全面比较了人类和犬类的淋巴瘤，强调了犬类模型在转化研究中的实用性。犬类淋巴瘤（cL），主要是弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL），在临床表现上与人类非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）相似，包括淋巴结病、全身症状（如发热、体重减轻）和血液学异常。形态学上，cL和NHL在DLBCL亚型（中心母细胞性、免疫母细胞性、间变性）上有相似之处，尽管存在一些差异，例如犬多形核中心母细胞淋巴瘤中存在大核中型细胞，而人类中未观察到。犬类和人类淋巴瘤具有共同的分子机制，包括NF-κB和mTOR等关键通路的激活以及基因和表观遗传改变。肿瘤微环境在这两个物种中均影响肿瘤生长和免疫逃逸。两个物种对化疗的反应相似，主要是基于CHOP的方案，尽管犬类淋巴瘤通常进展更快，这为进行更短的临床试验提供了优势。分子靶向治疗正在成为一种有前景的治疗方法，利妥昔单抗和嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法等人类疗法已显示出疗效，犬类治疗仍在发展中。流行病学数据揭示了重叠的风险因素，包括接触环境致癌物（如家用化学品、污染）以及性激素的潜在影响，尽管性激素在犬类中的作用需要进一步研究。虽然分期系统略有不同（人类采用卢加诺改良的安阿伯分期系统，犬类采用世界卫生组织系统），但两者都考虑疾病范围和全身受累情况。预后因素，如乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平，在人类NHL中具有相关性，但在cL中尚未显示出一致的实用性。本研究得出结论认为，免疫功能正常的犬类中cL的自发发展，及其与人类NHL在临床、组织学和治疗上的相似性使得犬类模型对于临床前研究具有极高价值，加速了针对人类和犬类淋巴瘤的新型诊断工具和治疗方法的开发。犬类中共同的环境风险因素和较短的疾病进展进一步增强了该模型的转化潜力，推动了癌症研究的“同一健康”方法。
