Ghorbanzadeh Behrouz, Mohammadi Orangi Behzad, Yaali Rasoul
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Sport Science, School of Humanities, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran.
Front Psychol. 2025 Feb 26;16:1544196. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1544196. eCollection 2025.
Understanding athletes' performance in competitive environments helps practitioners design practice environments to improve athletes' skills. This study investigated the experiential knowledge of 30 elite coaches and athletes from track and field, gymnastics, and soccer, aimed at increasing understanding of individual, environmental, and task constraints on expert athletes' performance.
The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner and based on ecological dynamics.
Results show that while some constraints on run-up performance are common across all three sports, others are sport-specific. Focus, readiness, self-confidence, speed, and decision-making were identified as individual constraints. Environmental constraints included spectators, coach role, practice facilities, and competition stakes. Task constraints comprised performance order, markers, significant others in the competition, and competition timing and results.
The findings support the ecological dynamics perspective that athlete performance emerges from the interaction of environmental, task, and personal constraints. Athletes must maintain focus during run-up while managing various pressures, including crowd noise and competition stress. Coaches provide crucial technical and psychological support that enhances confidence and focus. Quality practice facilities and consistent training environments aid athletes' spatial awareness and situational resilience. Task-specific constraints, such as performance order and timing, present unique challenges that athletes must navigate through dynamic adjustments based on real-time changes in conditions. The results contribute to the design of training environments and consequently to athletes' performance improvement. The study suggests that coaches should design training environments that simulate real-world competitive constraints to help athletes develop adaptive skills under pressure. These findings have practical implications for designing training programs that enhance athletes' ability to perform consistently in high-stakes competitive situations.
了解运动员在竞争环境中的表现有助于从业者设计训练环境以提高运动员的技能。本研究调查了30名来自田径、体操和足球项目的精英教练和运动员的经验知识，旨在加深对影响高水平运动员表现的个人、环境和任务限制因素的理解。
访谈采用半结构化方式进行，基于生态动力学。
结果表明，虽然助跑表现的一些限制因素在所有三项运动中都很常见，但其他因素则具有运动项目特异性。注意力、准备状态、自信、速度和决策被确定为个人限制因素。环境限制因素包括观众、教练角色、训练设施和比赛 stakes。任务限制因素包括比赛顺序、标志物、比赛中的重要他人以及比赛时间和结果。
研究结果支持生态动力学观点，即运动员的表现源于环境、任务和个人限制因素的相互作用。运动员在助跑过程中必须保持注意力，同时应对各种压力，包括人群噪音和比赛压力。教练提供关键的技术和心理支持，增强运动员的信心和注意力。优质的训练设施和一致的训练环境有助于运动员的空间感知和情境适应能力。特定任务的限制因素，如比赛顺序和时间，带来了独特的挑战，运动员必须根据情况的实时变化进行动态调整。这些结果有助于训练环境的设计，从而提高运动员的表现。该研究表明，教练应设计模拟现实世界竞争限制的训练环境，以帮助运动员在压力下发展适应能力。这些发现对于设计提高运动员在高风险竞争情况下持续表现能力的训练计划具有实际意义。
