Dehghansai Nima, Lemez Srdjan, Wattie Nick, Pinder Ross A, Baker Joe
School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States.
Front Psychol. 2020 Sep 30;11:502981. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.502981. eCollection 2020.
For the past half-century, the Paralympic Games has continued to grow, evident through increased participation, media recognition, and rising research focus in Para sport. While the competitive pool of athletes has increased, athlete development models have stayed relatively the same. Currently, coaches rely mainly on experiential knowledge, informal communication with colleagues, and theory transferred from able-bodied contexts as main resources to support development for themselves and their athletes. The purpose of this paper was to introduce Newell's constraint-led model and its multidimensional spectrum and practical scope to address the complexities of athlete development. The model consists of three overarching constraint categories (i.e., individual, task, and environment) along with proposed additional sub-categories to capture nuances associated in Para sport in order to provide additional context to coaches regarding athlete development. Utilizing this theoretical framework, we present a holistic approach for coaches and practitioners to consider while addressing athletes' short- and long-term developmental plans. This approach highlights the interactions among factors from a wide range of categories that indirectly and directly impact one another and ultimately influence athletes' developmental processes. It is important to consider the dynamic interaction of constraints over various timescales during development and identify underlying issues to improve athlete experience and maximize developmental opportunities. Coaches and practitioners can use the proposed framework as a guide to key factors to consider for their cohort of athletes. This approach provides a context-specific approach that considers unique factors associated with athletes and their environment.
在过去的半个世纪里，残奥会持续发展，这从参赛人数的增加、媒体认可度的提高以及对残疾人体育研究关注度的上升中可见一斑。虽然运动员的竞争群体有所扩大，但运动员培养模式却相对保持不变。目前，教练主要依靠经验知识、与同事的非正式交流以及从健全人环境中借鉴的理论作为主要资源，来支持自己和运动员的发展。本文的目的是引入纽厄尔的以约束为导向的模型及其多维频谱和实际应用范围，以应对运动员发展的复杂性。该模型由三个总体约束类别（即个人、任务和环境）以及提议的其他子类别组成，以捕捉与残疾人体育相关的细微差别，从而为教练提供有关运动员发展的更多背景信息。利用这一理论框架，我们为教练和从业者提出一种整体方法，供他们在制定运动员短期和长期发展计划时加以考虑。这种方法强调了来自广泛类别的因素之间的相互作用，这些因素相互间接和直接影响，最终影响运动员的发展过程。在发展过程中考虑不同时间尺度上约束的动态相互作用，并识别潜在问题，以改善运动员体验并最大化发展机会，这一点很重要。教练和从业者可以将提议的框架作为指导，来考虑其运动员群体的关键因素。这种方法提供了一种针对具体情况的方法，考虑了与运动员及其环境相关的独特因素。
