Ningthoujam Ramananda
Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Dhanamanjuri University, Imphal, India -
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2025 Jul;65(7):974-980. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16691-7. Epub 2025 Mar 21.
Doping persists as a significant challenge in Olympic sports despite stringent anti-doping measures. This study investigates doping prevalence, including total cases, commonly affected sports, frequently used substances, and most implicated countries, in the Summer and Winter Olympics from 1968 to 2022. This study aims to analyze doping trends across the Olympic Games from 1968 to 2022, identify patterns in doping violations, and assess the impact of anti-doping policies and detection advancements on reducing doping prevalence. A retrospective analysis of anti-doping rules violations (ADRVs) was conducted using publicly available data from the International Olympic Committee and the International Testing Agency.
Data from the Summer and Winter Olympics, including the number of doping tests conducted, ADRVs recorded, and re-analysis outcomes, were examined. A focus was placed on key doping incidents from 2004 to 2012, the sports most affected, and the countries involved. The study also reviewed literature on the impact of anti-doping technologies, such as the athlete biological passport. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify doping trends, highlighting the number of tests, ADRVs, and revoked medals over time. Comparative analyses assessed the differences in doping prevalence across sports, countries, and time periods.
From 1968 to 2020, the number of tests conducted at the Summer Olympics increased from 667 to 5,033, with 250 confirmed doping cases and 143 medals revoked due to ADRVs. In the Winter Olympics, testing increased from 86 tests in 1968 to 3,166 in 2022, with 52 confirmed doping cases and 14 medals revoked. Weightlifting and athletics were the most affected in the Summer Games, while cross-country skiing led in the Winter Games. Russia was the most implicated country, particularly during the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. The introduction of retrospective testing identified a significant portion of violations, with 73 out of 82 cases in 2012 London discovered post-games.
Doping trends reveal the ongoing challenge of maintaining clean competition despite increased testing and policy enforcement. Retrospective testing has been critical in uncovering violations, underscoring the limitations of real-time detection. Continued investment in advanced detection methods, international collaboration, and enhanced education are essential to mitigating doping and preserving the integrity of the Olympic Games.
尽管采取了严格的反兴奋剂措施，但兴奋剂问题仍是奥运会面临的重大挑战。本研究调查了1968年至2022年夏季和冬季奥运会的兴奋剂使用流行情况，包括总案例数、受影响较普遍的运动项目、常用物质以及牵连最多的国家。本研究旨在分析1968年至2022年奥运会期间的兴奋剂使用趋势，识别兴奋剂违规行为的模式，并评估反兴奋剂政策和检测技术进步对降低兴奋剂使用流行率的影响。利用国际奥委会和国际检测机构公开的数据，对反兴奋剂规则违规行为进行了回顾性分析。
研究了夏季和冬季奥运会的数据，包括进行的兴奋剂检测数量、记录的反兴奋剂规则违规行为以及重新分析的结果。重点关注了2004年至2012年的关键兴奋剂事件、受影响最严重的运动项目以及涉及的国家。该研究还回顾了关于反兴奋剂技术影响的文献，如运动员生物护照。使用描述性统计方法来量化兴奋剂使用趋势，突出检测数量、反兴奋剂规则违规行为以及随时间撤销奖牌的数量。比较分析评估了不同运动项目、国家和时间段内兴奋剂使用流行率的差异。
1968年至2020年，夏季奥运会的检测数量从667次增加到5033次，有250例兴奋剂检测呈阳性案例，143枚奖牌因反兴奋剂规则违规被撤销。在冬季奥运会中，检测次数从1968年的86次增加到2022年的3166次，有52例兴奋剂检测呈阳性案例，14枚奖牌被撤销。举重和田径在夏季奥运会中受影响最大，而越野滑雪在冬季奥运会中受影响最大。俄罗斯是牵连最多的国家，尤其是在2014年索契冬奥会期间。追溯性检测发现了很大一部分违规行为，2012年伦敦奥运会的82例案例中有73例是赛后发现的。
兴奋剂使用趋势表明，尽管检测和政策执行力度加大，但保持公平竞争仍面临持续挑战。追溯性检测在发现违规行为方面至关重要，凸显了实时检测的局限性。持续投资于先进的检测方法、国际合作以及加强教育对于减轻兴奋剂问题和维护奥运会的公正性至关重要。
