Scholpp S, Hoffmann L A, Schätzlein E, Gries T, Emonts C, Blaeser A
Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Mater Today Bio. 2025 Feb 25;31:101617. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101617. eCollection 2025 Apr.
Tissue engineering (TE) aims to provide personalized solutions for tissue loss caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital defects. While traditional methods like autologous and homologous tissue transplants face challenges such as donor shortages and risk of donor site morbidity, TE provides a viable alternative using scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules. Textiles represent a promising scaffold option for both and TE applications. Textile engineering is a broad field and can be divided into fiber-based textiles and yarn-based textiles. In fiber-based textiles the textile fabric is produced in the same step as the fibers (e.g. non-wovens, electrospun mats and 3D-printed). For yarn-based textiles, yarns are produced from fibers or filaments first and then, a textile fabric is produced (e.g. woven, weft-knitted, warp-knitted and braided fabrics). The selection of textile scaffold technology depends on the target tissue, mechanical requirements, and fabrication methods, with each approach offering distinct advantages. Braided scaffolds, with their high tensile strength, are ideal for load-bearing tissues like tendons and ligaments, while their ability to form stable hollow lumens makes them suitable for vascular applications. Weaving, weft-, and warp-knitting provide tunable structural properties, with warp-knitting offering the greatest design flexibility. Spacer fabrics enable complex 3D architecture, benefiting applications such as skin grafts and multilayered tissues. Electrospinning, though highly effective in mimicking the ECM, is structurally limited. The complex interactions between materials, fiber properties, and textile technologies allows for scaffolds with a wide range of morphological and mechanical characteristics (e.g., tensile strength of woven textiles ranging from 0.64 to 180.4 N/mm). With in-depth knowledge, textiles can be tailored to obtain specific mechanical properties as accurately as possible and aid the formation of functional tissue. However, as textile structures inherently differ from biological tissues, careful optimization is required to enhance cell behavior, mechanical performance, and clinical applicability. This review is intended for TE experts interested in using textiles as scaffolds and provides a detailed analysis of the available options, their characteristics and known applications. For this, first the major fiber formation methods are introduced, then subsequent used automated textile technologies are presented, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Finally, we analyze how these textile and fiber structures are utilized in TE, organized by the use of textiles in TE across major organ systems, including the nervous, skin, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and musculoskeletal systems.
组织工程学（TE）旨在为因创伤、肿瘤或先天性缺陷导致的组织缺损提供个性化解决方案。虽然自体和同种异体组织移植等传统方法面临供体短缺和供体部位发病风险等挑战，但组织工程学利用支架、细胞和生物活性分子提供了一种可行的替代方案。纺织品是用于组织工程学和再生医学应用的一种很有前景的支架选择。纺织工程是一个广泛的领域，可分为基于纤维的纺织品和基于纱线的纺织品。在基于纤维的纺织品中，织物与纤维在同一步骤中生产（例如非织造布、电纺垫和3D打印织物）。对于基于纱线的纺织品，首先由纤维或长丝制成纱线，然后生产织物（例如机织物、纬编织物、经编织物和编织物）。纺织支架技术的选择取决于目标组织、机械要求和制造方法，每种方法都有其独特的优势。编织支架具有高拉伸强度，是肌腱和韧带等承重组织的理想选择，而其形成稳定中空管腔的能力使其适用于血管应用。机织、纬编和经编提供了可调的结构特性，其中经编具有最大的设计灵活性。间隔织物能够实现复杂的三维结构，有利于皮肤移植和多层组织等应用。静电纺丝虽然在模拟细胞外基质方面非常有效，但在结构上存在局限性。材料、纤维特性和纺织技术之间的复杂相互作用使得能够制造出具有广泛形态和机械特性的支架（例如，机织纺织品的拉伸强度范围为0.64至180.4 N/mm）。有了深入的知识，就可以对纺织品进行定制，以尽可能准确地获得特定的机械性能，并有助于功能性组织的形成。然而，由于纺织结构与生物组织本质上不同，需要仔细优化以增强细胞行为、机械性能和临床适用性。本综述面向有兴趣使用纺织品作为支架的组织工程学专家，详细分析了可用的选项、它们的特性和已知应用。为此，首先介绍主要的纤维形成方法，然后介绍随后使用的自动化纺织技术，突出它们的优点和局限性。最后，我们分析这些纺织和纤维结构如何在组织工程学中得到利用，按照纺织品在组织工程学中跨主要器官系统的应用进行组织，包括神经、皮肤、心血管、呼吸、泌尿、消化和肌肉骨骼系统。
