Pedersen Thor, Gurevich Leonid, Magnusson Nils E
Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
Biostrip APS, Lindevangsvej 10, 8240 Risskov, Denmark.
Biosensors (Basel). 2025 Mar 4;15(3):166. doi: 10.3390/bios15030166.
In recent decades, the utilization of biomarkers has gained increasing attention. The timely identification and quantification of proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules associated with a medical condition, infection, or contaminant have become increasingly crucial across a variety of fields, including medicine, food safety, and quality/environmental control. State-of-the-art biomarker detection methods predominantly rely on standard immunoassay techniques, requiring specialized laboratory equipment and trained personnel. This impedes the broad commercial implementation of biosensors in, e.g., Point-of-Care (PoC) settings where ease of operation, portability, and cost-efficiency are prioritized. Small, robust electrochemical biosensors are a promising alternative for analyzing biomarkers in complex samples within PoC environments. Therefore, creating and designing optimized sensing surfaces, immobilization strategies, and efficient signal generation are crucial for improving biosensor systems, which in turn can have real-world impact. In the present paper, we reviewed common electrode types and geometries used in electrochemical biosensors and the immobilization approaches, discussed the advantages and drawbacks of different electrochemical detection methods, and presented different labeling strategies for signal generation and enhancement.
近几十年来，生物标志物的应用越来越受到关注。及时识别和量化与疾病、感染或污染物相关的蛋白质、核酸和小分子，在医学、食品安全以及质量/环境控制等多个领域变得越来越重要。最先进的生物标志物检测方法主要依赖于标准免疫分析技术，需要专门的实验室设备和训练有素的人员。这阻碍了生物传感器在如即时检测（PoC）环境中的广泛商业应用，在这种环境中，操作简便、便携性和成本效益是优先考虑的因素。小型、坚固的电化学生物传感器是在PoC环境中分析复杂样品中生物标志物的一种有前途的替代方案。因此，创建和设计优化的传感表面、固定策略以及高效的信号产生对于改进生物传感器系统至关重要，这反过来又会产生实际影响。在本文中，我们回顾了电化学生物传感器中使用的常见电极类型和几何形状以及固定方法，讨论了不同电化学检测方法的优缺点，并介绍了用于信号产生和增强的不同标记策略。
