Novel Approaches to Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Nanobiosensors.

Electrochemistry is a genuinely interdisciplinary science that may be used in various physical, chemical, and biological domains. Moreover, using biosensors to quantify biological or biochemical processes is critical in medical, biological, and biotechnological applications. Nowadays, there are several electrochemical biosensors for various healthcare applications, such as for the determination of glucose, lactate, catecholamines, nucleic acid, uric acid, and so on. Enzyme-based analytical techniques rely on detecting the co-substrate or, more precisely, the products of a catalyzed reaction. The glucose oxidase enzyme is generally used in enzyme-based biosensors to measure glucose in tears, blood, etc. Moreover, among all nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials have generally been utilized thanks to the unique properties of carbon. The sensitivity can be up to pM levels using enzyme-based nanobiosensor, and these sensors are very selective, as all enzymes are specific for their substrates. Furthermore, enzyme-based biosensors frequently have fast reaction times, allowing for real-time monitoring and analyses. These biosensors, however, have several drawbacks. Changes in temperature, pH, and other environmental factors can influence the stability and activity of the enzymes, affecting the reliability and repeatability of the readings. Additionally, the cost of the enzymes and their immobilization onto appropriate transducer surfaces might be prohibitively expensive, impeding the large-scale commercialization and widespread use of biosensors. This review discusses the design, detection, and immobilization techniques for enzyme-based electrochemical nanobiosensors, and recent applications in enzyme-based electrochemical studies are evaluated and tabulated.