Sangiorgi Stefano, Albertini Beatrice, Bertoni Serena, Passerini Nadia
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
Pharmaceutics. 2025 Feb 25;17(3):300. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17030300.
Over the past twenty years, ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have gained recognition across various fields, including catalysis, extraction and purification, materials science, and biotechnology. Notably, the use of ILs and DESs in pharmaceutical research, especially in drug delivery, has seen remarkable expansion over the past decade. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of ILs and DESs specifically designed for the oral administration of drugs having unfavorable biopharmaceutical properties. The classification and characteristics of ILs and DESs, along with their newer natural (Bio-ILs and NaDESs) and therapeutic subcategories (API-ILs and TheDESs) are outlined. Additionally, a further subgroup of ILs, known as surface active ionic liquids (SAILs), is described. Then, a detailed examination of the available manufacturing methods in a sustainable, time-consuming, and scalable perspective, and toxicity concerns in relation to their subdivision are evaluated. Finally, their specific applications in oral drug delivery, whether used as neat solvents or converted into administrable dosage forms, are analyzed and discussed. Despite the significant advancements in recent years regarding the use of these solvents in oral drug delivery, there are still many aspects that need further investigation. These include their interaction with biological systems (gastrointestinal fluids and mucosa), their long-term stability, and the development of effective drug delivery systems.
在过去二十年中，离子液体（ILs）和低共熔溶剂（DESs）已在包括催化、萃取与纯化、材料科学和生物技术在内的各个领域获得认可。值得注意的是，在过去十年中，ILs和DESs在药物研究中的应用，尤其是在药物递送方面，有了显著扩展。本综述全面分析了专门为口服具有不良生物药剂学性质的药物而设计的ILs和DESs。概述了ILs和DESs的分类与特性，以及它们较新的天然（生物离子液体和天然低共熔溶剂）和治疗性子类别（活性药物成分离子液体和治疗性低共熔溶剂）。此外，还描述了ILs的一个进一步的子类别，即表面活性离子液体（SAILs）。然后，从可持续、耗时和可扩展的角度详细考察了现有的制备方法，并评估了与其细分相关的毒性问题。最后，分析和讨论了它们在口服药物递送中的具体应用，无论是用作纯溶剂还是转化为可给药剂型。尽管近年来在这些溶剂用于口服药物递送方面取得了重大进展，但仍有许多方面需要进一步研究。这些方面包括它们与生物系统（胃肠液和黏膜）的相互作用、它们的长期稳定性以及有效药物递送系统的开发。
