Verkhratsky Alexei, Hol Elly M, de Witte Lot D, Aronica Eleonora
Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2025;210:3-7. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00013-2.
Neuroglia in the CNS, represented by astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia, are responsible for the homeostatic support and protection of the nervous tissue. Neuroglia are intimately involved in the pathogenesis of all neurologic diseases, and neuroglial changes to a large extent define the progression of these diseases and their neurologic outcome. In contrast to neurons, neuroglia are capable of mounting an evolutionary conserved response to pathology known as reactive gliosis. Reactive gliosis is initially protective and allostatic, and it is aimed at preserving the nervous tissue function and integrity. However, in many diseases, neuroglial cells undergo atrophy and functional asthenia, contributing to nervous tissue damage.
中枢神经系统中的神经胶质细胞，以星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和小胶质细胞为代表，负责对神经组织进行稳态支持和保护。神经胶质细胞密切参与所有神经系统疾病的发病机制，并且神经胶质细胞的变化在很大程度上决定了这些疾病的进展及其神经学转归。与神经元不同，神经胶质细胞能够对病理状态产生一种进化上保守的反应，即反应性胶质增生。反应性胶质增生最初具有保护作用和适应性，旨在维持神经组织的功能和完整性。然而，在许多疾病中，神经胶质细胞会发生萎缩和功能衰弱，从而导致神经组织损伤。
