Analysis of the impact force and key technique of backward straight punch in different combat sports.

Despite the prevalence of combat sports research, a comparative analysis of backward straight punches and sEMG activation across different martial arts disciplines remains unexplored. This study examines the impact force and sEMG characteristics of backward straight punches among athletes from Boxing, Tao Lu (Chinese Wushu), Karate, and a control group (Physical Education students) under randomized signal stimulation. Twenty-eight participants performed backward straight punches while impact force and muscle activation were recorded using a pendulum system and a 16-channel Noraxon wireless sEMG system. Results indicate that the Boxing group exhibited the highest impact force (3.96 ± 0.45 times body weight), followed by the Tao Lu, Karate, and Control groups. Muscle activation patterns varied significantly among groups, with a moderate positive correlation between impact force and the deltoid (r = 0.535) and brachioradialis (r = 0.365) muscle groups. The findings highlight differences in combat philosophies, with Boxing emphasizing effectiveness, Wushu and Karate focusing on controlled strikes, and Tao Lu prioritizing precision. These insights provide a biomechanical understanding of combat sports techniques, suggesting tailored training strategies for optimizing striking performance.