Steidten Thomas, Granacher Urs, Gabriel Holger, Haunhorst Simon, Reuken Philipp, Dudziak Diana, Puta Christian
Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Front Physiol. 2025 Mar 27;16:1392946. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1392946. eCollection 2025.
Physical exercise can have acute or short-term effects on immunological overnight recovery. Concurrent training (CT) is an often-applied exercise regime in team (e.g., soccer) and individual sports (e.g., judo, rowing) characterized by high training volumes and/or intensities. CT can be programmed in different sequencing schemes including strength/power before endurance training or . Here, we aimed to examine the acute effects (one exercise session) of different CT sequencing schemes on immunological recovery in young athletes. Male judo athletes (Tier 3, highly trained, national level) aged 16.0 ± 1.8 years were recruited to participate in a crossover repeated measures study design. Participants performed a power-endurance and an endurance-power CT sequence on separate days. Immunological stress regulation using capillary blood markers were tested immediately after the CT session and the night before (baseline) and after (intervention) CT sessions. Baseline evening measurements were performed from 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. and intervention evening measurements 6 h after the CT. Capillary blood markers were taken from the earlobe, plasma volume corrected, referenced to baseline and analyzed for order-by-time interactions using a generalized estimating equations statistical approach. White blood cells (p < 0.05), granulocytes (p < 0.001), the systemic inflammation index (p < 0.05), and the systemic inflammation response index (p < 0.001) showed significant group-by-time interactions. In contrast, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets did not exhibit a significant group-by-time effect (p > 0.05). Results were adjusted for repeated measurements using Bonferroni-Holm correction, which showed a significantly (p < 0.001) stronger immunological overnight regulation for granulocytes and the systemic inflammation response index following the power-endurance sequencing scheme, whereas white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, blood platelets, and the systemic inflammation index did not show significant group-by-time interactions (p > 0.05). The observed findings for granulocytes and the systemic inflammation response index might be related to altered systemic stress regulation after the training session as the power-endurance sequence showed a higher increase in granulocytes on the evening after the exercise. Sleep behavior could affect the immunological systemic recovery and should therefore be further studied in future research. If immunological stress is already present, the endurance-power sequencing scheme appears to be more appropriate.
体育锻炼对免疫的夜间恢复可能产生急性或短期影响。同时训练（CT）是团队运动（如足球）和个人运动（如柔道、赛艇）中常用的一种训练方式，其特点是训练量和/或强度较大。CT可以按照不同的顺序安排进行，包括在耐力训练之前进行力量/功率训练，或者……。在此，我们旨在研究不同CT顺序安排对年轻运动员免疫恢复的急性影响（单次训练课）。招募了年龄为16.0±1.8岁的男性柔道运动员（3级，高水平训练，国家级）参与一项交叉重复测量研究设计。参与者在不同日期分别进行了一次力量-耐力和一次耐力-力量的CT训练。在CT训练后以及训练前一晚（基线）和训练后（干预），使用毛细血管血标志物检测免疫应激调节情况。基线晚间测量在下午5:00至7:00进行，干预晚间测量在CT训练后6小时进行。从耳垂采集毛细血管血样本，校正血浆量，以基线为参照，并使用广义估计方程统计方法分析时间顺序交互作用。白细胞（p<0.05）、粒细胞（p<0.001）、全身炎症指数（p<0.05）和全身炎症反应指数（p<0.001）显示出显著的组×时间交互作用。相比之下，单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血小板未表现出显著的组×时间效应（p>0.05）。使用Bonferroni-Holm校正对重复测量结果进行调整，结果显示，在力量-耐力顺序安排后，粒细胞和全身炎症反应指数的免疫夜间调节显著更强（p<0.001），而白细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、血小板和全身炎症指数未显示出显著的组×时间交互作用（p>0.05）。粒细胞和全身炎症反应指数的观察结果可能与训练课后全身应激调节的改变有关，因为力量-耐力顺序在运动后当晚显示粒细胞有更高的增加。睡眠行为可能会影响免疫的全身恢复，因此在未来研究中应进一步研究。如果已经存在免疫应激，耐力-力量顺序安排似乎更为合适。
