Goyal Ahsas, Afzal Muhammad, Goyal Kavita, Ganesan Subbulakshmi, Kumari Mukesh, Sunitha S, Dash Aniruddh, Saini Suman, Rana Mohit, Gupta Gaurav, Ali Haider, Wong Ling Shing, Kumarasamy Vinoth, Subramaniyan Vetriselvan
Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, UP, India.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia.
Regen Ther. 2025 Apr 1;29:303-318. doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2025.03.006. eCollection 2025 Jun.
Cancer remains a prominent worldwide health concern, presenting existing therapies with frequent difficulties, including major toxicity, limited effectiveness, and treatment resistance emergence. These issues highlight the necessity for novel and enhanced remedies. Exosomes, tiny extracellular vesicles that facilitate intercellular communication, have attracted interest for their potential medicinal applications. Carrying a variety of molecules, including microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and DNA, these vesicles are positioned as promising cancer treatment options. Current studies have increasingly investigated the capacity of microRNAs as a strategic approach for combating malignancy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are recognized for their aptitude to augment blood vessel formation, safeguard against cellular death, and modulate immune responses. Consequently, researchers examine exosomes derived from MSCs as a safer, non-cellular choice over therapies employing MSCs, which risk undesirable differentiation. The focus is shifting towards employing miRNA-encapsulated exosomes sourced from MSCs to target and heal cancerous cells selectively. However, the exact functions of miRNAs within MSC-derived exosomes in the context of cancer are still not fully understood. Additional exploration is necessary to clarify the role of these miRNAs in malignancy progression and to pinpoint viable therapeutic targets. This review offers a comprehensive examination of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, focusing on the encapsulation of miRNAs, methods for enhancing cellular uptake and stability, and their potential applications in cancer treatment. It also addresses the difficulties linked to this methodology and considers future avenues, including insights from current clinical oncology research.
癌症仍然是全球主要的健康问题，给现有治疗方法带来了诸多常见困难，包括严重毒性、疗效有限以及出现治疗抗性。这些问题凸显了新型和改良疗法的必要性。外泌体是促进细胞间通讯的微小细胞外囊泡，因其潜在的医学应用价值而备受关注。这些囊泡携带多种分子，包括微小RNA、小干扰RNA、长链非编码RNA、蛋白质、脂质和DNA，被视为有前景的癌症治疗选择。目前的研究越来越多地探讨微小RNA作为对抗恶性肿瘤的战略方法的能力。间充质干细胞（MSC）因其促进血管形成、防止细胞死亡和调节免疫反应的能力而受到认可。因此，研究人员将源自间充质干细胞的外泌体视为一种比使用间充质干细胞的疗法更安全的非细胞选择，因为后者存在不良分化的风险。研究重点正转向利用源自间充质干细胞的包裹微小RNA的外泌体来选择性地靶向和治疗癌细胞。然而，在癌症背景下，间充质干细胞衍生的外泌体内微小RNA的确切功能仍未完全明确。需要进一步探索以阐明这些微小RNA在恶性肿瘤进展中的作用，并确定可行的治疗靶点。本综述全面考察了源自间充质干细胞的外泌体，重点关注微小RNA的包裹、增强细胞摄取和稳定性的方法及其在癌症治疗中的潜在应用。它还探讨了与该方法相关的困难，并考虑了未来的发展方向，包括当前临床肿瘤学研究的见解。
