Taha Manal Mohamed Elhassan, Abdelwahab Siddig Ibrahim, Oraiby Magbool, Al-Zubairi Adel S
Health Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Forensic Toxicology Services, Forensic Medical Center, Ministry of Health, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025 Apr 16. doi: 10.1007/s12011-025-04623-z.
Smokeless tobacco (ST) is consumed globally and plays a significant role in health, culture, and consumption. This study analyzes heavy metals, active ingredients, and adulteration in ST products from two origins. It introduces advanced spectroscopic techniques to reveal the molecular composition, providing insights into health impacts and cultural significance. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the Sudanese and Yemeni varieties of ST. The heavy metal analysis included arsenic (As), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). GC-MS was used to detect the active ingredients and adulterants. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used for chemometrics. Qualitative analysis of ST samples from Sudan (S) and Yemen (Y) highlighted different active ingredient compositions, with Sudanese samples showing a broader range than the Yemeni samples. No adulteration was detected in any of the samples, indicating their purity. The heavy metal concentrations varied notably with As, Se, and Hg levels. PCA results showed distinct variable loadings for three components. The convergence of the rotation method in five iterations indicated result stability. Component 1 explained 35.382% of the variance, component 2 explained 31.025%, and component 3 explained 22.314%, cumulatively accounting for 88.721%. HCA grouped samples into distinct clusters based on heavy metal content. These findings provide insights into the composition, purity, heavy metal levels, and interrelationships of Sudanese and Yemeni smokeless tobacco samples, enhancing our understanding of their chemical characteristics.
无烟烟草在全球范围内都有消费，并且在健康、文化和消费方面发挥着重要作用。本研究分析了来自两个产地的无烟烟草产品中的重金属、活性成分和掺假情况。它引入了先进的光谱技术来揭示分子组成，从而深入了解其对健康的影响和文化意义。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）和气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）对苏丹和也门的无烟烟草品种进行分析。重金属分析包括砷（As）、硒（Se）、银（Ag）、镉（Cd）、锑（Sb）、汞（Hg）、铊（Tl）和铅（Pb）。GC-MS用于检测活性成分和掺假物。主成分分析（PCA）和层次聚类分析（HCA）用于化学计量学。对来自苏丹（S）和也门（Y）的无烟烟草样品进行的定性分析突出了不同的活性成分组成，苏丹样品的活性成分范围比也门样品更广。在任何样品中均未检测到掺假情况，表明它们的纯度较高。重金属浓度随砷、硒和汞的含量有显著变化。PCA结果显示三个成分有明显的变量负荷。旋转法在五次迭代中的收敛表明结果具有稳定性。成分1解释了35.382%的方差，成分2解释了31.025%，成分3解释了22.314%，累计占88.721%。HCA根据重金属含量将样品分为不同的簇。这些发现为苏丹和也门无烟烟草样品的组成、纯度、重金属水平及相互关系提供了见解，增进了我们对其化学特性的理解。
