Abdul-Zahra Hassan Hadi, Khudhair Yahia I, Al-Hraishawi Husam Raheem
Hillah Veterinary Hospital, Ministry of Agriculture, Hillah, Iraq.
Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniya, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.
Vet Med Int. 2025 Apr 10;2025:6785087. doi: 10.1155/vmi/6785087. eCollection 2025.
Papillomaviruses (PVs) infect animals and humans and are linked to 27%-30% of cancers. The L1 protein is a cornerstone in bovine PVs (BPVs), being the main components of the viral capsid and playing pivotal roles in infectivity and antigenicity. The current study aims to characterize the genetic variation in the L1 gene of the BPV, explore in silico the protein structure, predict epitopes, and evaluate the impact of mutation on the epitope conservancy. Fifty tumor samples were collected from cattle with papilloma lesions from Babylon, Wasit, and Al-Qadisiyah provinces, Iraq. Samples were submitted to PCR to amplify the complete L1 gene. Phylogeny was performed to assess the L1 gene. Various bioinformatics tools were utilized to analyze physicochemical properties, secondary structure of the deduced protein, and predict immunodominant epitopes for B and T cells. BPV DNA was detected in 42 (84%) samples. Sequence analysis of 10 samples revealed that BPV-1 was the predominant type circulating in study regions. Phylogeny demonstrated that analyzed strains were aligned with a distance value of 1%-15% to strains of delta PVs. Amino acid characterization indicated two amino acid mutations compared with reference strain (X02346.1) including SER31/ASN and Ala 55/ASP. The 3D model revealed L1 that formed from hexameric subunits, each subunit with six loops. ALA 55/ASP substitutions are located in the Loop1. The predicted B- and T-cell epitopes showed that L1 protein has highly potent epitopes and can be a promising target for nucleic acid vaccine design to elicit an anti-BPV humeral and cellular immune response. The current investigation has provided crucial insights into BPV-1 type and diversity in the middle provinces of Iraq. These predominant strains have been identified and registered at NCBI for the first time. The amino acid mutations in the L1 protein have been highlighted. The conserved T- and B-cell epitopes that can detect BPV-1 type have been stablished. Finally, this project is the initial phase of creating a DNA-based vaccination for preventative and treatment purposes against BPV-related illnesses.
乳头瘤病毒（PVs）可感染动物和人类，与27%-30%的癌症相关。L1蛋白是牛乳头瘤病毒（BPVs）的基石，是病毒衣壳的主要成分，在感染性和抗原性方面发挥关键作用。本研究旨在表征BPV的L1基因的遗传变异，通过计算机模拟探索蛋白质结构，预测表位，并评估突变对表位保守性的影响。从伊拉克巴比伦、瓦西特和卡迪西亚省患有乳头瘤病变的牛身上采集了50份肿瘤样本。将样本进行PCR以扩增完整的L1基因。进行系统发育分析以评估L1基因。利用各种生物信息学工具分析推导蛋白的理化性质、二级结构，并预测B细胞和T细胞的免疫显性表位。在42份（84%）样本中检测到BPV DNA。对10份样本的序列分析表明，BPV-1是研究区域中主要流行的类型。系统发育分析表明，分析的菌株与δPVs菌株的距离值为1%-15%。氨基酸特征表明，与参考菌株（X02346.1）相比有两个氨基酸突变，包括SER31/ASN和Ala 55/ASP。三维模型显示L1由六聚体亚基组成，每个亚基有六个环。ALA 55/ASP替换位于Loop1中。预测的B细胞和T细胞表位表明，L1蛋白具有高效的表位，可成为核酸疫苗设计的有前景的靶点，以引发抗BPV的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应。本研究为伊拉克中部省份的BPV-1类型和多样性提供了重要见解。这些主要菌株首次在NCBI上被鉴定和登记。突出了L1蛋白中的氨基酸突变。确定了可检测BPV-1类型的保守T细胞和B细胞表位。最后，该项目是创建用于预防和治疗BPV相关疾病的DNA疫苗的初始阶段。
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