Kumar Pawan, Mehra Rashmi, Ray Arindam, Kumari Amrita, Singh Kapil, Hora Rhythm, Kaur Amanjot, Koshal Seema S, Quadri Syed F, Singh Shyam Kumar, Sultana Abida, Roy Arup Deb
Immunization Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi 110001, Delhi, India.
John Snow India, New Delhi 110070, Delhi, India.
Vaccines (Basel). 2025 Mar 20;13(3):334. doi: 10.3390/vaccines13030334.
In 2023, India's National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI) recommended the inclusion of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). However, introducing TCV, an additional injectable vaccine (AIV), will potentially increase the number of injections administered in a single visit to a maximum of five (if given at the 9 to 12 months touchpoint) or four (if given in the second year of life). In this context, the present study aimed to explore the perspectives of program managers, service providers, and caregivers regarding introduction of an AIV in a single visit under the UIP.
A mixed-method study was undertaken wherein quantitative data was collected by telephonic surveys, and qualitative data by key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Purposive sampling encompassed eight states, eight districts, eight planning units, and 32 session sites. The qualitative data were thematically analyzed manually using Excel, while the quantitative data was analyzed using STATA 17.
A total of 1140 telephonic surveys, 96 KIIs, and 16 FGDs were conducted. The study revealed that program managers mentioned maternal emotional reactions as a significant concern and backed AIV introduction at the 9-12 months touchpoint. Vaccinators and community mobilizers favored the 16-24 months window with combined presentations and mentioned single-dose vials as the preferred approach for vaccine delivery. Caregivers acknowledged the benefits of vaccination but expressed discomfort and fear regarding multiple injections to the child in a single visit. Caregivers expressed a preference for a combination vaccine. No preference was reported among caregivers for the introduction of AIV to the 9-12 or 16-24 months touchpoints.
Stakeholders' perspectives on introducing an additional injectable vaccine in a single visit under the UIP are diverse. These will be helpful in developing an effective strategy for the future introduction of AIV under UIP.
2023年，印度国家免疫技术咨询小组（NTAGI）建议将伤寒结合疫苗（TCV）纳入通用免疫计划（UIP）。然而，引入TCV这种额外的注射用疫苗（AIV），可能会使单次就诊时的注射次数最多增加到五次（如果在9至12个月龄这个时间点接种）或四次（如果在儿童第二年接种）。在此背景下，本研究旨在探讨项目管理人员、服务提供者和照料者对于在UIP框架下单次就诊时引入AIV的看法。
开展了一项混合方法研究，其中通过电话调查收集定量数据，通过关键信息人访谈（KIIs）和焦点小组讨论（FGDs）收集定性数据。目的抽样涵盖八个邦、八个区、八个规划单位和32个接种点。定性数据使用Excel进行手动主题分析，定量数据使用STATA 17进行分析。
共进行了1140次电话调查、96次KIIs和16次FGDs。研究表明，项目管理人员提到母亲的情绪反应是一个重大问题，并支持在9至12个月龄这个时间点引入AIV。疫苗接种人员和社区动员者倾向于在16至24个月龄这个时间段进行联合接种，并提到单剂量瓶是疫苗接种的首选方式。照料者认可疫苗接种的益处，但对单次就诊时给孩子多次注射表示不适和担忧。照料者表示更倾向于联合疫苗。在照料者中，对于在9至12个月龄或16至24个月龄这个时间点引入AIV没有表现出偏好。
利益相关者对于在UIP框架下单次就诊时引入额外注射用疫苗的看法各不相同。这些看法将有助于制定未来在UIP下引入AIV的有效策略。
