Androecium homologies in eight-staminate maples: a developmental study.

The genus Acer belongs to the family Sapindaceae, whose representatives are characterized by a pentamerous perianth but typically possess only eight stamens. Such an androecium is believed to have evolved through the loss of two stamens. However, there is still no consensus on the origin of eight-staminate androecium including the positions of the two lost stamens and the pathway of their reduction compared to other Sapindaceae. We examined the early stages of flower development in five maple species belonging to different sections - four species with eight stamens and one species with ten stamens - using scanning electron microscopy. Measurements were performed to analyze the relative positions of stamen primordia, their size, and the floral meristem surface area. In addition, the perianth and androecium vasculature was studied to reveal petal-stamen complexes. We found that in three of four 8-staminate species, three stamens are initiated from common petal-stamen primordia, and five arise from single primordia. In A. tegmentosum Maxim., four stamens appear from common primordia with petals, and four from single primordia. Despite developmental differences, stamen distribution within the flower and the angles between adjacent stamens indicate a similar androecium construction in all species. In most species with eight stamens, the differences between two andoecial whorls have vanished. In contrast, A. nikoense (Miq.) Maxim., with ten stamens, possesses two distinct stamen whorls, the antepetalous stamens are initiated from common primordia. In the 8-staminate androecia of the genus Acer, the same two stamens have been lost as in other Sapindaceae. Within genus Acer, there is a certain decrease in the relative size of the floral meristem, accompanied by an increase in the number of common petal-stamen primordia and increased heterogeneity of the androecium (in A. tegmentosum) or reduction of some floral organs.