Llamas-Saez Carlos, Jiménez-García Rodrigo, Zeng-Zhang Luyi, Zamorano-León José J, Cuadrado-Corrales Natividad, Carabantes-Alarcón David, Bodas-Pinedo Andrés, López-de-Andrés Ana, Jimenez-Sierra Ana, Serra-Paya Noemí
Department of Public Health and Maternal & Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
Nutrients. 2025 Apr 19;17(8):1382. doi: 10.3390/nu17081382.
This study compares dietary and physical activity (PA) habits between Spanish adults with and without diabetes and analyzes the association between PA, sociodemographic variables, and adherence to nutritional recommendations among individuals with diabetes. A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted using data from the 2020 European Health Survey for Spain (EESE). Diabetes and PA levels were self-reported. Each participant with diabetes was matched with a control without diabetes by age, gender, and region of residence. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and adherence to nutritional guidelines was evaluated based on the recommendations of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition. The PA levels were classified as "sedentary/low" or "moderate/high". A total of 2053 matched pairs were analyzed. The participants with diabetes adhered to significantly more nutritional recommendations than those without diabetes (6.19 vs. 5.30; < 0.001). However, 88.6% of the individuals with diabetes reported sedentary or low PA levels. Among those with diabetes, women showed better adherence to nutritional recommendations, while men reported higher PA levels. Moderate/high PA was associated with greater adherence to nutritional recommendations (OR 1.991; 95% CI: 1.201-3.146). Older age was also positively associated with adherence. Although individuals with diabetes demonstrated better adherence to nutritional recommendations than controls, most reported low PA levels. Higher PA levels, female gender, and older age were linked to greater adherence to nutritional recommendations among people with diabetes. However, the use of self-reported data made it impossible to judge whether the participants under- or over-reported their PA levels and diabetes status. Public health strategies should aim to promote both PA and healthy eating habits in this population.
本研究比较了患有和未患有糖尿病的西班牙成年人的饮食和身体活动（PA）习惯，并分析了PA、社会人口学变量与糖尿病患者对营养建议的依从性之间的关联。使用2020年西班牙欧洲健康调查（EESE）的数据进行了一项横断面病例对照研究。糖尿病和PA水平均为自我报告。每位糖尿病患者按年龄、性别和居住地区与一名无糖尿病的对照者进行匹配。使用食物频率问卷评估食物摄入量，并根据西班牙食品安全和营养局的建议评估对营养指南的依从性。PA水平分为“久坐/低”或“中度/高”。共分析了2053对匹配数据。糖尿病患者比无糖尿病患者更严格地遵守营养建议（6.19对5.30；<0.001）。然而，88.6%的糖尿病患者报告其PA水平为久坐或较低。在糖尿病患者中，女性对营养建议的依从性更好，而男性报告的PA水平更高。中度/高强度PA与更好地遵守营养建议相关（比值比1.991；95%置信区间：1.201 - 3.146）。年龄较大也与依从性呈正相关。尽管糖尿病患者比对照组表现出更好的营养建议依从性，但大多数人报告PA水平较低。较高的PA水平、女性性别和年龄较大与糖尿病患者更好地遵守营养建议有关。然而，使用自我报告的数据无法判断参与者是否少报或多报了他们的PA水平和糖尿病状况。公共卫生策略应旨在促进该人群的PA和健康饮食习惯。
