Guo Mingxin, Li Meijia, Liu Ti, Sun Wenkui, Du Kaige, Yang Shuopeng, Fu Zhongyan, Kou Zengqiang
School of Public Health and Health Management, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China.
Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China.
Viruses. 2025 Mar 26;17(4):469. doi: 10.3390/v17040469.
Sapovirus (SaV) is a major pathogen responsible for acute gastroenteritis (AGE), and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. This study investigates the prevalence and the genetic characteristics of SaV in Shandong Province during 2022-2023, based on a surveillance network covering all age groups. Samples were obtained from a viral diarrhea surveillance network in Shandong Province during 2022-2023. SaVs were identified through quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing were performed on positive samples, and whole-genome sequencing was conducted using metagenomic sequencing technology. Sequence analysis was conducted using BioEdit 7.0.9.0 and MEGA X, while statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 26.0. A total of 157 SaV-positive cases were identified, resulting in a positivity rate of 1.12%. The positivity rate for SaV was 0.75% in 2022 and it increased significantly to 1.42% in 2023. The highest positivity rates for both 2022 and 2023 were observed in November. The highest positivity rate was observed in the 3-5-year-old age group. In 2022, Dongying City had the highest positivity rate, while Zaozhuang City exhibited the highest rate in 2023. The incidence of vomiting in SaV-positive patients was significantly higher compared to SaV-negative patients ( = 0.002). Eight genotypes were identified in both the VP1 and RdRp regions. The complete genome sequence analysis of a GI.3 strain showed that NS1 (5.88%, 4/68) was the region most prone to amino acid variation, followed by VP2 (5.45%, 9/165) within the same genotype. SaV infections are more prevalent in cold weather, with young children being particularly susceptible. The SaV positivity rate in 2023 increased significantly accompanied by an increased diversity of genotypes, compared to that of 2022. The NS1 region exhibits the biggest variation within the same genotype, indicating that more attention should be paid to other regions besides VP1 in the future study. Ongoing surveillance of SaV is recommended for effective prevention and control.
札幌病毒（SaV）是引起急性胃肠炎（AGE）的主要病原体，近年来其发病率呈上升趋势。本研究基于覆盖所有年龄组的监测网络，调查了2022 - 2023年山东省SaV的流行情况和基因特征。样本取自2022 - 2023年山东省病毒性腹泻监测网络。通过定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR）鉴定SaV。对阳性样本进行PCR扩增和桑格测序，并使用宏基因组测序技术进行全基因组测序。使用BioEdit 7.0.9.0和MEGA X进行序列分析，同时用SPSS 26.0进行统计分析。共鉴定出157例SaV阳性病例，阳性率为1.12%。2022年SaV阳性率为0.75%，2023年显著上升至1.42%。2022年和2023年11月的阳性率均最高。3 - 5岁年龄组的阳性率最高。2022年东营市阳性率最高，2023年枣庄市阳性率最高。SaV阳性患者的呕吐发生率显著高于SaV阴性患者（P = 0.002）。在VP1和RdRp区域共鉴定出8个基因型。对一株GI.3毒株的全基因组序列分析表明，NS1区域（5.88%，4/68）是最容易发生氨基酸变异的区域，同一基因型内的VP2区域（5.45%，9/165）次之。SaV感染在寒冷天气更为普遍，幼儿尤其易感。与2022年相比，2023年SaV阳性率显著上升，基因型多样性增加。同一基因型内NS1区域变异最大，表明未来研究除VP1外还应关注其他区域。建议持续监测SaV以进行有效防控。
