Clinical Manifestations of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Various Nosologic Forms and Issues of Hantavirus Infections Terminology.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is the result of acute, zoonotic, natural foci hantavirus infections. It has serious social and medical importance due to its widespread distribution and the disease's severity. There is a lack of effective etiotropic therapy and specific prophylaxis available. The aim of this review is to observe the etiological, clinical, and epidemiological features of nosologic HFRS forms in Russia, as well as differences and similarities with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The various clinical HFRS manifestations characterized diseases associated with Puumala, Kurkino, and Sochi hantaviruses in the Russian European part, and with Hantaan, Amur, and Seoul hantaviruses in the Russian Far East. Differences were observed for HFRS foci types based on biological characteristics and natural host population dynamics. As a result of clinical and epidemiological analysis six nosological forms were established, all of which were classified as "hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome" according to the WHO's expert recommendation from 1983 year. The study showed comparable taxonomic characteristics and determined the mechanism of human infection course for HFRS and HPS. The accumulated knowledge of this study allows for the combination of HFRS and HPS names into a common logical disease name "Hantavirus fever".