Becvarik Zoe A, Smurthwaite Kayla S, Lal Aparna
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2023 Aug 18;2023:2714539. doi: 10.1155/2023/2714539. eCollection 2023.
Evidence for the impact of climate change on the distribution of zoonoses has largely focussed on the burden in humans and is lacking information on the effect of temperature on nonvectorborne zoonoses that are transmitted indirectly through contaminated environments. We present a systematic literature review on the impact of temperature on the distribution of zoonotic pathogens in mammalian livestock and wildlife populations, with a focus on nonvectorborne zoonoses that can be spread through air, water, food, and soil.
We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as grey literature, and screened titles, abstracts, and full text. English, peer-reviewed, and full text studies were included if they: focused on temperature; considered incursion, distributional burden or risk; and focused on a zoonotic pathogen in livestock and/or wildlife populations of mammalian vertebrates that can be transmitted through indirect pathways without a nonmammalian and nonvertebrate intermediate host.
Temperature was an important determinant of zoonoses distribution across all 17 studies included in the final review, with 11 studies finding a positive association. The majority of studies focused on parasites (7) and bacteria (9) and were conducted in the northern hemisphere. Two studies provided future climate projections that identified areas of increasing prevalence and expanded risk for pathogens that were already established. However, no studies specifically investigated the risk of zoonotic incursion with increasing temperature. Few studies explored how local variations in temperature and urbanisation interact with distal changes like Arctic warming to affect the distribution and spread of nonvectorborne pathogens through food, water, and soil.
The review's findings point to the value of a One Health approach to biosecurity that builds on the interconnected relationship between human, animal, plant, and environmental health. Such research is urgently needed to inform the prioritisation and risk assessment of zoonoses more comprehensively in a rapidly changing climate.
气候变化对人畜共患病分布影响的证据主要集中在对人类的负担上，缺乏关于温度对通过受污染环境间接传播的非媒介传播人畜共患病影响的信息。我们对温度对哺乳动物家畜和野生动物种群中人畜共患病原体分布的影响进行了系统的文献综述，重点关注可通过空气、水、食物和土壤传播的非媒介传播人畜共患病。
我们系统地检索了PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science以及灰色文献，并筛选了标题、摘要和全文。纳入的英文、同行评审和全文研究需满足以下条件：关注温度；考虑入侵、分布负担或风险；关注哺乳动物脊椎动物的家畜和/或野生动物种群中可通过间接途径传播且无非哺乳动物和非脊椎动物中间宿主的人畜共患病原体。
温度是最终综述中纳入的所有17项研究中人畜共患病分布的重要决定因素，11项研究发现呈正相关。大多数研究集中在寄生虫（7项）和细菌（9项）上，且在北半球进行。两项研究提供了未来气候预测，确定了已存在病原体患病率增加和风险扩大的区域。然而，没有研究专门调查温度升高时人畜共患病入侵的风险。很少有研究探讨温度的局部变化和城市化如何与北极变暖等远端变化相互作用，以通过食物、水和土壤影响非媒介传播病原体的分布和传播。
综述结果表明了一种基于人类、动物、植物和环境健康之间相互联系的“同一健康”生物安全方法的价值。在快速变化的气候中，迫切需要此类研究以更全面地为人畜共患病的优先排序和风险评估提供信息。
