Focusing attention in working and long-term memory through dissociable mechanisms.

We developed an experimental approach to compare how attentional orienting facilitates retrieval from spatial working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM), and how selective attention within these two memory types impacts incoming sensory information processing. In three experiments with healthy young adults, retrospective attention cues prioritize an item represented in WM or LTM. Participants then retrieve a memory item or perform a perceptual task. The retrocue is informative for the retrieval task but not for the perceptual task. We show that attentional orienting benefits performance for both WM and LTM, with stronger effects for WM. Eye-tracking reveals significant gaze shifts and microsaccades correlated with attention in WM, but no statistically significant gaze biases were found for LTM. Visual discrimination of unrelated visual stimuli is consistently improved for items matching attended WM locations. Similar effects occur at LTM locations but less consistently. The findings suggest at least partly dissociable attention-orienting processes for different memory types. Although our conclusions are necessarily constrained to the type of WM and LTM representations relevant to our task, they suggest that, under certain conditions, attentional prioritization in LTM can operate independently from WM. Future research should explore whether similar dissociations extend to non-spatial or more complex forms of LTM.