Enhancing Advance Care Planning in India through a 12-step Pathway.

BACKGROUND

Advanced care planning (ACP) and advance medical directives (AMDs) are vital for aligning medical decisions with patient preferences, particularly for end-of-life care. The 2018 Supreme Court judgment in India established the legality of AMDs, enabling patients to exercise their autonomy. Recent amendments in 2023 simplified procedural requirements, replacing judicial magistrate approval with a streamlined two-tier medical board system. This article proposes a culturally sensitive and practical 12-step framework for implementing ACP and AMDs in India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A structured and consensus-driven process was undertaken by experts in palliative medicine, neurology, critical care, and geriatrics, supported by key medical organizations. The development process included multiple iterations, public consultations, and feedback from legal and medical stakeholders. The framework integrates legal, ethical, and cultural considerations to address procedural and systemic challenges in ACP implementation.

RESULTS

The proposed 12-step pathway focuses on three phases: creating living wills, periodic reviews and updates, and executing AMDs. Key components include initiating discussions, identification and appointment of surrogate decision-makers, ensuring legal compliance through simplified procedures, and providing guidance for withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments. Implementation strategies emphasize public awareness, provider training, and institutional policies to normalize ACP. Simplified legal requirements introduced in 2023 facilitate broader adoption and reduce procedural barriers.

CONCLUSION

This framework provides a practical, culturally relevant model for ACP in India, ensuring patient-centered, ethical, and transparent end-of-life care. By integrating simplified legal procedures and addressing misconceptions through education and policy initiatives, the proposed approach empowers individuals, families, and healthcare providers to make informed decisions, fostering dignity and autonomy in medical care.

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Damani A, Ghoshal A, Rao K, Nair S, Gursahani R, Simha S, . Enhancing Advance Care Planning in India through a 12-step Pathway. Indian J Crit Care Med 2025;29(4):301-307.