The measurement of self-regulation in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

To facilitate future research on self-regulation and related brain-behavior associations, we aimed to establish a psychometric model of self-regulation in the largest open neuroimaging dataset to date, the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD; https://abcdstudy.org/). Given the measures adopted in the ABCD study, we tested three theoretically defensible and applicable psychometric models of self-regulation. The dual-process theory provided the framework for postulating the models to be tested. This theory states that successful self-regulation occurs in case of a balanced state between bottom-up 'hot' and top-down 'cool' processes in favor of achieving goals. Based on the results, we recommend a measurement model with three correlated first-order factors: Hot, Cool and Executive Functions. The model successfully predicted academic achievement both at the time of self-regulation assessment and two years later, and its robustness across smaller samples was confirmed. Given its factorial and predictive validity, we recommend the adoption of the established model for future research on self-regulation and its neural correlates based on the ABCD dataset. Given the measures adopted in the ABCD study, a theoretically desirable bifactor model with a general self-regulation factor and nested Hot and Cool factors cannot be reliably established.