Su Zheng, Xie Ying, Huang Zhenxiao, Cheng Anqi, Zhou Xinmei, Wang Min, Xia Xin, Ji Tingfen, Zhao Liang, Liu Zhao, Xiao Dan, Wang Chen
Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China.
Respir Res. 2025 May 7;26(1):174. doi: 10.1186/s12931-025-03228-3.
We aimed to estimate the changes in, second hand smoke (SHS) and potential drivers of its health outcome from 1990 to 2021 worldwide.
The data was derived from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, which covered 204 countries and territories. We reported SHS changes by sex, year and sociodemographic index (SDI) level (a summary measure that identifies where countries or other geographic areas sit on the spectrum of development) from 1990 to 2021. We analyzed the risk-outcome pairs among all age groups to estimate disease burden attributable to SHS exposure and also did a decomposition method to attribute changes in all-cause SHS attributable deaths or disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to population growth, population aging, and mortality change.
Worldwide, the age-standardized summary exposure values (SEV) of SHS exposure in 2021 was 30.6% (28.9 to 31.6) for males and 38.0% (35.5 to 39.0) for females, with a percentage change of -0.2 (-0.2 to -0.1) and -0.3 (-0.3 to -0.2), respectively, since 1990. Among the top 10 countries with the highest SEV, there were mainly high-middle SDI countries for male and low-middle SDI and middle SDI countries for female, respectively. Secondly, about 1.29 million deaths (0.68-1.90) and 34.90 million DALYs (17.95-52.21) were attributable to SHS exposure, and about half of them took place in two countries (China and India). Ischemic heart disease (IHD) (29.67%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (19.04%), and lower respiratory infections (LRIs) (10.87%) were the three leading causes of SHS associated deaths. Lastly, since 2010, the number of SHS related death significantly increased due to population growth and population aging, despite a decrease in mortality attributable to SHS exposure.
Globally, the age-standardized SEV of SHS exposure decreased from 1990 to 2021. Since 2010, the increased number of deaths attributable to SHS exposure was mainly attributable to population growth and aging.
我们旨在评估1990年至2021年全球范围内二手烟（SHS）的变化及其健康后果的潜在驱动因素。
数据来源于《2021年全球疾病、伤害和风险因素负担研究》（GBD 2021），该研究覆盖了204个国家和地区。我们报告了1990年至2021年按性别、年份和社会人口指数（SDI）水平（一种确定国家或其他地理区域在发展谱系中位置的综合指标）划分的二手烟变化情况。我们分析了所有年龄组中的风险-结果对，以估计因接触二手烟导致的疾病负担，并采用分解方法将全因二手烟归因死亡或伤残调整生命年（DALYs）的变化归因于人口增长、人口老龄化和死亡率变化。
在全球范围内，2021年男性二手烟暴露的年龄标准化汇总暴露值（SEV）为30.6%（28.9至31.6），女性为38.0%（35.5至39.0），自1990年以来百分比变化分别为-0.2（-0.2至-0.1）和-0.3（-0.3至-0.2）。在SEV最高的前10个国家中，男性主要是高中等SDI国家，女性主要是低中等SDI和中等SDI国家。其次，约129万例死亡（0.68 - 1.90）和3490万DALYs（17.95 - 52.21）可归因于二手烟暴露，其中约一半发生在两个国家（中国和印度）。缺血性心脏病（IHD）（29.67%）、慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）（19.04%）和下呼吸道感染（LRIs）（10.87%）是二手烟相关死亡的三大主要原因。最后，自2010年以来，尽管因二手烟暴露导致的死亡率有所下降，但由于人口增长和人口老龄化，二手烟相关死亡人数显著增加。
全球范围内，1990年至2021年二手烟暴露的年龄标准化SEV有所下降。自2010年以来，二手烟暴露导致的死亡人数增加主要归因于人口增长和老龄化。
