Animal board invited review: A biocultural perspective of animal farming systems in Europe.

Europe's landscapes have evolved through the intricate interplay of natural processes and human activities, one of which is animal farming; thus, historically creating biocultural landscapes rich in biological and cultural diversity. However, agricultural intensification has neglected and altered the role of animals within landscapes, and undermines the potential of more extensive animal farming systems to create sustainable landscapes, as an alternative to highly industrialised and high-density animal production, which is responsible for a wide range of environmental trade-offs. We present a biocultural diversity (BCD) framework to emphasise the contributions of animal farming systems to landscape sustainability from a social-ecological perspective. By applying a biocultural lens across three European case studies -peatland restoration in Germany, wildfire control in the Mediterranean, and hay milk production in the Alpine region- we demonstrate how animal farming systems can contribute to biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, and cultural values. We discuss the need for evolving scientific approaches using a BCD Framework to shift the perception of animal farming from a threat to a solution for sustainability. Our cases highlight how a biocultural approach allows for a comprehensive evaluation of human-nature relationships, promoting sustainable practices and addressing environmental challenges. Benefits include creating multifunctional landscapes, conserving biodiversity, enhancing genetic diversity, and preserving traditional knowledge and cultural heritage. However, a decline in traditional practices jeopardises these benefits. To unlock the potential of animal farming systems within landscapes in Europe and beyond, we call for more integrated and transdisciplinary approaches in animal sciences. Biocultural-grounded assessments can inform the transformation of animal farming systems towards animal-based solutions for achieving landscape sustainability on a global scale.