Spatial transcriptomic applications in orthopedics.

PURPOSE

This review highlights the transformative impact of spatial transcriptomics on orthopedic research, focusing on its application in deciphering intricate gene expression patterns within musculoskeletal tissues.

METHODS

The paper reviews literature for spatial transcriptomic methods, specifically 10X Visium, 10X Xenium, seqFISH+, MERFISH, NanoString GeoMx DSP, used on musculoskeletal tissues (cartilage, joints, bone, tendon, ligament, and synovium).

RESULTS

Searches identified 29 published manuscripts reporting spatial transcriptomic data in cartilage, bone, tendon, synovium, and intervertebral disc. Most publications of spatial transcriptomic data are from tendon and synovium. 10X Visium has been used in 22 of the 29 papers identified. Spatial transcriptomics has been used to identify novel cell populations and cell signaling pathways that regulate development and disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Imaging-based spatial transcriptomic methods may be better for hypothesis testing as they generally have subcellular resolution but sequence fewer genes. Sequencing methods may be better for untargeted, shotgun approaches that can generate useful hypotheses from the spatial data from unimpaired tissue sections. Spatial transcriptomic methods could become useful for clinical diagnostics and precision medicine approaches.