Sedek Eman M, Holiel Ahmed A
Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2025 May 10. doi: 10.1007/s13770-025-00725-w.
Enamel regeneration and remineralization are critical for restoring enamel integrity, as natural enamel lacks the ability to regenerate due to the absence of ameloblasts. The increasing prevalence of dental caries and the irreversible nature of enamel damage highlight the need for advanced repair strategies.
This review examines the latest advancements in enamel regeneration and remineralization, focusing on biomaterials, nanotechnology-based approaches, and bioengineering strategies. Google Scholar, Scopus (Elsevier), and PubMed databases were used for the selection of literature. The search included key terms such as "enamel regeneration," "biomimetic enamel repair," "stem cell-based enamel regeneration," "nanotechnology in enamel repair," "hydroxyapatite enamel remineralization," and "biomaterials for enamel remineralization."
Various strategies have been explored for enamel remineralization, including self-assembling peptides, dendrimers, hydrogels, and electrospun mats, each demonstrating varying success in laboratory and preclinical studies. While casein-phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) combined with fluoride remains a widely used clinical remineralization agent, integrating CPP-ACP with nanotechnology is an emerging area requiring further research. Enamel bioengineering approaches utilizing stem/progenitor cells offer potential, though challenges remain in achieving clinical translation.
Despite advancements, replicating the hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of natural enamel remains challenging. Nanotechnology-driven approaches, bioengineered scaffolds, and interdisciplinary collaboration hold promise for optimizing enamel regeneration techniques. Further research is necessary to enhance clinical applicability and develop scalable, effective treatments for enamel restoration.
牙釉质再生和再矿化对于恢复牙釉质完整性至关重要，因为天然牙釉质由于成釉细胞的缺失而缺乏再生能力。龋齿患病率的不断上升以及牙釉质损伤的不可逆性凸显了先进修复策略的必要性。
本综述考察了牙釉质再生和再矿化的最新进展，重点关注生物材料、基于纳米技术的方法和生物工程策略。使用谷歌学术、Scopus（爱思唯尔）和PubMed数据库来筛选文献。搜索关键词包括“牙釉质再生”“仿生牙釉质修复”“基于干细胞的牙釉质再生”“牙釉质修复中的纳米技术”“羟基磷灰石牙釉质再矿化”以及“用于牙釉质再矿化的生物材料”。
已经探索了多种牙釉质再矿化策略，包括自组装肽、树枝状大分子、水凝胶和电纺垫，每种策略在实验室和临床前研究中都显示出不同程度的成功。虽然酪蛋白磷酸肽稳定的无定形磷酸钙（CPP - ACP）与氟化物结合仍然是一种广泛使用的临床再矿化剂，但将CPP - ACP与纳米技术相结合是一个需要进一步研究的新兴领域。利用干/祖细胞的牙釉质生物工程方法具有潜力，不过在实现临床转化方面仍存在挑战。
尽管取得了进展，但复制天然牙釉质的层次结构和力学性能仍然具有挑战性。纳米技术驱动的方法、生物工程支架和跨学科合作有望优化牙釉质再生技术。有必要进一步开展研究以提高临床适用性，并开发可扩展、有效的牙釉质修复治疗方法。
