Abdelkader Ghada S, El-Naenaeey El-Sayed Y, Abdallah Hossam M, Abu-Zeid Ehsan H, Rehan Ibrahim F, Zigo František, Elmowalid Gamal A
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Front Vet Sci. 2025 Apr 25;12:1557671. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1557671. eCollection 2025.
For enhancing the nutritional characteristics of leaves (MOLs), the present research set out to examine the effect of MOLs fermented by (MOLF) or MOLs powder (MOLP) on innate immunity defense and resilience to challenge in . A 30-day experiment was conducted with 180 Nile tilapia fingerlings, divided randomly into five equal-sized groups of 36 fingerlings, three replicates per group. The 1st control fish received a basal meal devoid of any supplements. The 2nd MOLP-L and the 3rd MOLP-H fish received basal meals enriched with low and high levels of MOLP (50 g or 100 g/kg diet). The 4th MOLF-L and 5th MOLF-H fish received basal meals enriched with low and high levels of MOLF (50 g or 100 g/kg diet). Ferulic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid were the primary phenolic components identified by HPLC in the fermented MOLs. Meanwhile, naringenin, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, and catechin were the main flavonoids detected. The results revealed that MOLF dietary supplementation enhanced the immune-related outcomes more significantly ( < 0.05) than MOLP in a dose-related manner. Supplementation of MOLF increased serum nitric oxide and lysozyme levels, phagocytic index, phagocytic %, hepatic superoxide dismutase, and glutathione, yet declined the levels of malondialdehyde more significantly ( < 0.05) than the MOLP. The proinflammatory genes β, α, and were significantly ( < 0.0.05) down-regulated. In contrast, the expression of the gene was markedly upregulated in the spleen and head kidney (anterior) post challenge in the MOLF-groups than the MOLP-groups. MOLF-supplemented groups showed a significantly ( < 0.05) enhanced relative proportion of survivorship and survival rates but decreased the bacterial load (CFU) compared to the MOLP-supplemented groups. In conclusion, our findings have offered new insights into the promising immune-enhancing outcome of MOLF as a dietary supplement for immune augmentation against disease challenges in Nile tilapia.
为了增强叶片的营养特性（MOLs），本研究旨在探讨经[具体发酵物]发酵的MOLs（MOLF）或MOLs粉末（MOLP）对尼罗罗非鱼先天免疫防御及应对[具体病原体]挑战的恢复力的影响。对180尾尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼进行了为期30天的实验，将其随机分为五个等大小的组，每组36尾幼鱼，每组设三个重复。第1组对照鱼投喂不含任何补充剂的基础饲料。第2组MOLP-L和第3组MOLP-H鱼投喂添加低水平和高水平MOLP（50克或100克/千克饲料）的基础饲料。第4组MOLF-L和第5组MOLF-H鱼投喂添加低水平和高水平MOLF（50克或100克/千克饲料）的基础饲料。通过高效液相色谱法在发酵的MOLs中鉴定出阿魏酸、没食子酸、咖啡酸和对香豆酸为主要酚类成分。同时，检测到柚皮素、芦丁、槲皮素、山奈酚、木犀草素、芹菜素和儿茶素为主要黄酮类化合物。结果显示，与MOLP相比，添加MOLF的饲料在剂量相关的情况下更显著地增强了免疫相关结果（P<0.05）。添加MOLF提高了血清一氧化氮和溶菌酶水平、吞噬指数、吞噬百分比、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽水平，且比MOLP更显著地降低了丙二醛水平（P<0.05）。促炎基因β、α和[具体基因名称]显著（P<0.05）下调。相反，在受到[具体病原体]攻击后，MOLF组脾脏和头肾（前部）中[具体基因名称]的表达明显高于MOLP组。与添加MOLP的组相比，添加MOLF的组显示出显著（P<0.05）提高的存活相对比例和存活率，但降低了[具体病原体]细菌载量（CFU）。总之，我们的研究结果为MOLF作为尼罗罗非鱼对抗疾病挑战的免疫增强膳食补充剂的有前景的免疫增强效果提供了新的见解。
