Radke Heidi, Rodriguez Natalia Andrea Reyes, Lafuente Pilar, Cianciolo Chiara, Cella Paul, Joeris Alexander
Department of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.C.D.A., Bogotá, Colombia.
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2025 Sep;38(5):227-235. doi: 10.1055/a-2543-7681. Epub 2025 May 12.
The Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) is a widely used observer-reported outcome measure questionnaire for assessing pain in dogs with osteoarthritis. This study aimed to linguistically validate and culturally adapt the LOAD for German- and Spanish-speaking populations.The process followed the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy translation methodology and involved two forward translations, a reconciliation of the forward translation, back translations, expert reviews, and cognitive debriefing interviews with a representative sample of dog carers. A universal approach was adopted to generate Universal German and Universal Spanish versions of the LOAD suitable for use in all German- and Spanish-speaking countries.The two forward translations and the reconciliation phase showed 12 and 6 discrepancies for the German and Spanish LOAD, respectively. Comparing the backward translation with the original version identified 13 items or instructions in the German LOAD and 20 in the Spanish LOAD that required retranslation. The review panel resolved both conceptual and literal discrepancies, while input from cognitive interview participants contributed to 6 additional revisions for the Universal German version and 15 for the Universal Spanish versions of the LOAD.This stepwise approach resulted in linguistically validated and culturally adapted universal versions of the LOAD for the German- and Spanish-speaking populations.
利物浦犬骨关节炎（LOAD）是一种广泛使用的、由观察者报告的结局测量问卷，用于评估患有骨关节炎的犬的疼痛情况。本研究旨在对LOAD进行语言验证，并针对德语和西班牙语人群进行文化调适。该过程遵循慢性病治疗功能评估翻译方法，包括两次正向翻译、正向翻译的核对、回译、专家评审以及与犬护理人员的代表性样本进行认知反馈访谈。采用通用方法生成适用于所有德语和西班牙语国家的LOAD通用德语版和通用西班牙语版。两次正向翻译及核对阶段显示，德语版和西班牙语版LOAD分别存在12处和6处差异。将回译版本与原始版本进行比较发现，德语版LOAD中有13项内容或说明、西班牙语版LOAD中有20项内容或说明需要重新翻译。评审小组解决了概念和文字上的差异，而认知访谈参与者的意见又促使对LOAD通用德语版进行了6处额外修订，对通用西班牙语版进行了15处额外修订。这种逐步推进的方法产生了经过语言验证且适合德语和西班牙语人群文化调适的LOAD通用版本。
