Kopera Michal, Adamkiewicz Malgorzata, Pieniazek Anna
Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Str., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 21/23 Jana Matejki Str., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 May 2;26(9):4328. doi: 10.3390/ijms26094328.
Glyoxal (GO) is a reactive dicarbonyl derived endogenously from sugars and other metabolic reactions within cells. Numerous exogenous sources of this compound include tobacco smoking, air pollution, and food processing. GO is toxic to cells mainly due to its high levels and reactivity towards proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. We speculate that glyoxal could be involved in erythrocyte protein damage and lead to cell dysfunction. The osmotic fragility and level of amino and carbonyl groups of membrane proteins of erythrocytes incubated for 24 h with GO were identified. The amount of thiol, amino, and carbonyl groups was also measured in hemolysate proteins after erythrocyte treatment with GO. In hemolysate, the level of glutathione, non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC), TBARS, and activity of antioxidant enzymes was also determined. The study's results indicated that GO increases erythrocyte osmotic sensitivity, alters the levels of glutathione and free functional groups in hemolysate proteins, and modifies the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our findings indicate that GO is a highly toxic compound to human erythrocytes. Glyoxal at concentrations above 5 mM can cause functional changes in erythrocyte proteins and disrupt the oxidoreductive balance in cells.
乙二醛（GO）是一种具有反应活性的二羰基化合物，内源性地来源于细胞内的糖类及其他代谢反应。该化合物的众多外源性来源包括吸烟、空气污染和食品加工。GO对细胞有毒性，主要是因为其含量高以及对蛋白质、脂质和核酸具有反应活性。我们推测乙二醛可能参与红细胞蛋白质损伤并导致细胞功能障碍。对用GO孵育24小时的红细胞的渗透脆性以及膜蛋白的氨基和羰基水平进行了鉴定。在用GO处理红细胞后，还测定了溶血产物蛋白中的巯基、氨基和羰基的含量。在溶血产物中，还测定了谷胱甘肽水平、非酶抗氧化能力（NEAC）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（TBARS）以及抗氧化酶的活性。该研究结果表明，GO会增加红细胞的渗透敏感性，改变溶血产物蛋白中谷胱甘肽和游离官能团的水平，并改变抗氧化酶的活性。我们的研究结果表明，GO是一种对人类红细胞毒性很高的化合物。浓度高于毫摩尔的乙二醛会导致红细胞蛋白质发生功能变化，并破坏细胞内的氧化还原平衡。 （注：原文中“5 mM”表述有误，推测可能是“5 mmol/L”，已按“5 mmol/L”翻译意思，即“5毫摩尔每升”）
