Choe Sooyeon, Lee Kyung-Shin, Ha Ahnul, Kim Soontae, Jeoung Jin Wook, Park Ki Ho, Hong Yun-Chul, Kim Young Kook
Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
J Clin Med. 2025 Apr 26;14(9):3003. doi: 10.3390/jcm14093003.
To assess the association of residential-level maternal particulate matter of 2.5 μm diameter or less (PM) exposure during pregnancy with anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) risk. This study used data from children diagnosed with ASD (i.e., aniridia, iris hypoplasia, Peters anomaly, Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, or primary congenital glaucoma) by an experienced pediatric ophthalmologist at a National Referral Center for Rare Diseases between 2004 and 2021 and their biological mothers. Individual PM exposure concentration was assessed by reference to residential addresses and district-specific PM concentrations predicted by the universal Kriging prediction model. The study included 2328 children (582 ASD cases and 1746 controls [1:3 matched for birth year, sex, and birth-place]). The mean (SD) annual PM exposure was 29.2 (16.9) μg/m. An IQR increase in PM during the preconception period (11.6 μg/m; RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.34), the 1st trimester (11.1 μg/m; RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.27), and the 2nd trimester (11.2 μg/m; RR 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01-1.29) significantly increased ASD risk. Meanwhile, the association between IQR increase in PM during the 3rd trimester and ASD risk showed borderline significance (11.0 μg/m; RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.99-1.21). An IQR increase in PM (6.9 μg/m) from the preconception period to the 3rd trimester was associated with a significantly increased risk of ASD (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08-1.20). The findings of this study suggest that PM exposure during the preconception period and pregnancy is associated with increased risk of ASD, supporting a need for further improvements in air quality to prevent congenital ocular anomalies.
评估孕期住宅环境中直径2.5微米及以下的母体颗粒物（PM）暴露与眼前节发育异常（ASD）风险之间的关联。本研究使用了2004年至2021年间在一家国家罕见病转诊中心由经验丰富的儿科眼科医生诊断为患有ASD（即无虹膜、虹膜发育不全、彼得斯异常、Axenfeld-Rieger综合征或原发性先天性青光眼）的儿童及其亲生母亲的数据。通过参考居住地址和通用克里金预测模型预测的特定地区PM浓度来评估个体PM暴露浓度。该研究纳入了2328名儿童（582例ASD病例和1746名对照[按出生年份、性别和出生地1:3匹配]）。PM的年均暴露量均值（标准差）为29.2（16.9）μg/m³。孕前阶段PM增加四分位间距（11.6μg/m³；相对危险度[RR]，1.18；95%置信区间[CI]，1.03 - 1.34）、孕早期（11.1μg/m³；RR，1.15；95%CI，1.03 - 1.27）和孕中期（11.2μg/m³；RR，1.14；95%CI，1.01 - 1.29）均显著增加ASD风险。同时，孕晚期PM增加四分位间距与ASD风险之间的关联显示出临界显著性（11.0μg/m³；RR，1.10；95%CI，0.99 - 1.21）。从孕前阶段到孕晚期PM增加四分位间距（6.9μg/m³）与ASD风险显著增加相关（RR，1.13；95%CI，1.08 - 1.20）。本研究结果表明，孕前阶段和孕期的PM暴露与ASD风险增加有关，支持需要进一步改善空气质量以预防先天性眼部异常。
