Reasons for Outdoor Tanning in Adults: Q Methodology Identifies Three Types of Tanners.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is a major risk factor for skin cancers. Nonetheless, many individuals in western countries tan outdoors. This study aimed to identify types of tanners and their reasons for outdoor tanning based on a Q methodology study. A heterogeneous sample of 25 participants aged 19-61 years was recruited and interviewed using the Q sort method. The participants ranked 37 reasons for outdoor tanning according to their subjectively perceived importance in a predetermined grid. Data were analyzed using an inverted factor analysis technique developed specifically for Q methodology. The transcripts of the postsort interviews were used to better understand the quantitative findings. Three groups (factors) of tanners were identified based on 22 of the 25 participants. While enhancement of attractiveness was a major reason for outdoor tanning in the middle-aged group, the youngest and the oldest groups had a stronger focus on relaxation, well-being, and mental health. All three groups stated that vitamin D production was an important factor for tanning outdoors. These findings suggest that people may have different reasons for exposing themselves to harmful UV radiation, but that there is a pattern most participants in our study could be assigned to. Especially the finding that all groups tanned outdoors to meet their vitamin D needs seems to be a starting point for future research and skin cancer prevention.