Quantitative genetics of photosynthetic trait variation in maize.

Natural genetic variation in photosynthesis-related traits can help both to identify genes involved in regulating photosynthetic processes and to develop crops with improved productivity and photosynthetic efficiency. However, rapidly fluctuating environmental parameters create challenges for measuring photosynthetic parameters in large populations under field conditions. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence and absorbance-based photosynthetic traits in a maize diversity panel in the field using an experimental design that allowed us to estimate and control multiple confounding factors. Controlling the impact of day of measurement and light intensity as well as patterns of two-dimensional spatial variation in the field increased heritability for 11 out of 14 traits measured. We were able to identify high-confidence genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals associated with variation in four spatially corrected traits (the quantum yield of PSII, non-photochemical quenching, redox state of QA, and relative chlorophyll content). Insertion alleles for Arabidopsis orthologs of three candidate genes exhibited phenotypes consistent with our GWAS results. Collectively these results illustrate the potential of applying best practices from quantitative genetics research to address outstanding questions in plant physiology and to understand natural variation in photosynthesis.