Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on ion channels in heart failure: focus on the endothelium.

Heart failure (HF) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease associated with high mortality, diminished quality of life, and a significant economic burden on both patients and society. The pathogenesis of HF is closely related to the endothelium, where endothelial ion channels play an important role in regulating intracellular Ca signals. These ion channels are essential to maintain vascular function, including endothelium-dependent vascular tone, inflammation response, and oxidative stress. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have shown promising cardiovascular benefits in HF patients, reducing mortality risk and hospitalization in several large clinical trials. Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that the cardioprotective effects of SGLT2i in HF are mediated by endothelial nitric oxide (NO) pathways, as well as by reducing inflammation and reactive oxygen species in cardiac endothelial cells. Additionally, SGLT2i may confer endothelial protection by lowering intracellular Ca level through the inhibition of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) and sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) in endothelial cells. In this review, we discuss present knowledge regarding the expression and role of Ca-related ion channels in endothelial cells in HF, focusing on the effects of SGLT2i on endothelial NHE1, NCX as well as on vascular tone.