Marín Reinaldo, Abad Cilia, Rojas Deliana, Fernández Miguel, Ruette Fernando
Laboratory of Cell Bioenergetics, Center for Biophysics and Biochemistry (CBB), Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC), AP 21827, Caracas, 1020A Venezuela.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Czech Republic.
Biophys Rev. 2025 Mar 1;17(2):511-535. doi: 10.1007/s12551-025-01292-z. eCollection 2025 Apr.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) is a therapeutically versatile agent used across various medical conditions. This review integrates experimental and computational findings to elucidate the clinical, cellular, molecular, and electronic mechanisms underlying MgSO₄'s therapeutic effects, focusing on its antioxidant properties. MgSO₄ remains the gold standard treatment for preeclampsia and eclampsia, preventing seizures and mitigating oxidative damage. In preterm birth, it offers fetal neuroprotection, although its efficacy as a tocolytic agent is limited. MgSO₄ also shows promise in treating respiratory conditions, notably severe asthma, where it acts as a bronchodilator. Its applications extend to anesthesia, pain management, and cardiac arrhythmias, reflecting its diverse pharmacological actions. Advanced computational methods, including molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemistry calculations, have revealed how MgSO₄ interacts with cell membranes and neutralizes hydroxyl radicals. These studies suggest that MgSO₄'s antioxidant effects stem from its ability to stabilize membrane structures and modulate electron transfer processes. The therapeutic effects are mediated through multiple pathways, including calcium channel modulation, NMDA receptor antagonism, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Although generally safe, MgSO₄ requires careful monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic window. Future research should focus on precision dosing strategies, innovative delivery systems, and expanded therapeutic applications. A comprehensive understanding of MgSO₄'s molecular mechanisms and clinical applications will further optimize its therapeutic use.
硫酸镁（MgSO₄）是一种治疗用途广泛的药物，可用于多种医疗状况。本综述整合了实验和计算结果，以阐明硫酸镁治疗作用背后的临床、细胞、分子和电子机制，重点关注其抗氧化特性。硫酸镁仍然是子痫前期和子痫的金标准治疗药物，可预防癫痫发作并减轻氧化损伤。在早产中，它可提供胎儿神经保护作用，尽管其作为宫缩抑制剂的疗效有限。硫酸镁在治疗呼吸系统疾病，尤其是重度哮喘方面也显示出前景，它在其中起到支气管扩张剂的作用。其应用还扩展到麻醉、疼痛管理和心律失常，反映了其多样的药理作用。先进的计算方法，包括分子动力学模拟和量子化学计算，已经揭示了硫酸镁如何与细胞膜相互作用并中和羟基自由基。这些研究表明，硫酸镁的抗氧化作用源于其稳定膜结构和调节电子转移过程的能力。其治疗作用是通过多种途径介导的，包括钙通道调节、NMDA受体拮抗和抗炎机制。尽管硫酸镁总体上是安全的，但由于其治疗窗较窄，需要仔细监测。未来的研究应侧重于精准给药策略、创新给药系统和扩大治疗应用。对硫酸镁分子机制和临床应用的全面理解将进一步优化其治疗用途。
