Thabit Zaid A, AlShaheeb Zahraa A, Jaafar May Ridha, Al-Qaysi Safaa A S, Al-Shimmary Sana M H
Al-Nahrain University, Biotechnology Research Center, Baghdad, Iraq.
Iraqi Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq.
J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2025 Jun;23(2):100490. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2025.100490. Epub 2025 Apr 26.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Proteus mirabilis in frozen chicken carcass from local slaughterhouse. It assesses the activities of nine antimicrobial agents and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes. Thirty samples were collected from five local Iraqi companies. and then the antibiotic-resistance genes and virulence factor-related genes were detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results revealed that Nine P. mirabilis isolates were recovered, and the majority of the isolates were resistant to both nalidixic acid and azithromycin at a ratio of (100 %), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (sul1) (88.8 %), whereas the isolates were susceptible to imipenem and meropenem, and both ceftazidime and cefotaxime were efficient at a ratio of (88.8 %). All the isolates (100 %) were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics and were classified as multidrug resistant. The PCR results indicated that the most common resistance genes were DNA Gyrase Subunit A Gene (gyrA) (100 %), Dihydropteroate Synthase Gene (sul1) (88.8 %), and Florenicol Resistance Gene (floR) (88.8 %), followed by Aminoglycoside N-Acetyltransferase Gene (acc (6')-lb) (44.4 %) and Macrolide Phosphotransferase Gene (mphA) (33.3 %). In addition, the virulence genes Zinc Metalloprotease A Gene (zapA), Uridine Monophosphate Synthase Gene (uraC), Histone-Modifying Protein A Gene (hpmA), Flagellin A Gene (flaA), Anti-Sigma Factor RsbA Gene (rsbA), and Multidrug Resistance Protein A Gene (mrpA) were found in the same proportion (100 %) of all P. mirabilis isolates. Our study emphasized that Proteus mirabilis has a high frequency of antibiotic resistance as a multidrug resistance pattern and furthermore demonstrated a high level of virulence factor gene detection, which might be a threat to food safety and human health. The phylogenetic tree analysis of the P. mirabilis isolates from chicken meat revealed high similarity to the database strain.
本研究旨在确定当地屠宰场冷冻鸡胴体中奇异变形杆菌的流行情况。它评估了九种抗菌剂的活性以及抗菌抗性基因和毒力基因的存在情况。从伊拉克当地五家公司收集了30个样本，然后通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测抗生素抗性基因和毒力因子相关基因。结果显示，共分离出9株奇异变形杆菌，大多数分离株对萘啶酸和阿奇霉素均耐药，耐药率为100%，其次是甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑（sul1）（88.8%），而分离株对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感，头孢他啶和头孢噻肟的有效率均为88.8%。所有分离株（100%）对至少三类抗生素耐药，被归类为多重耐药。PCR结果表明，最常见的抗性基因是DNA促旋酶亚基A基因（gyrA）（100%）、二氢蝶酸合酶基因（sul1）（88.8%）和氟苯尼考抗性基因（floR）（88.8%），其次是氨基糖苷N-乙酰转移酶基因（acc(6')-lb）（44.4%）和大环内酯磷酸转移酶基因（mphA）（33.3%）。此外，在所有奇异变形杆菌分离株中，毒力基因锌金属蛋白酶A基因（zapA））、尿苷单磷酸合酶基因（uraC）、组蛋白修饰蛋白A基因（hpmA）、鞭毛蛋白A基因（flaA）、抗σ因子RsbA基因（rsbA）和多重耐药蛋白A基因（mrpA）的检出比例相同（100%）。我们的研究强调，奇异变形杆菌作为一种多重耐药模式，抗生素耐药频率很高，此外还显示出高水平的毒力因子基因检测，这可能对食品安全和人类健康构成威胁。鸡肉中奇异变形杆菌分离株的系统发育树分析显示与数据库菌株高度相似。
