Arnesdotter Emma, Stoffels Charlotte B A, Alker Wiebke, Gutleb Arno C, Serchi Tommaso
Environmental Sustainability Assessment and Circularity (SUSTAIN) Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2025;55(4):484-504. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2025.2501420. Epub 2025 May 22.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial and consumer products, leading to environmental contamination and human exposure. This review focuses on perfluoroalkyl acids, a subset of PFAS, which are primarily encountered through diet, including drinking water, and other pathways such as dust ingestion, and dermal contact. Impaired vaccine antibody response has been identified as the most critical effect for risk assessment by the European Food Safety Authority. Furthermore, human epidemiological studies have linked exposure to certain PFAS to various immune-related outcomes, such as asthma, allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease. This review examines potential immunomodulatory effects of perfluoroalkyl acids at the primary sites of exposure: lungs, intestines, and skin, using human epidemiological data as the basis for investigating these impacts. While animal studies are referenced for context, this paper highlights the need for further human-based research to address key questions about PFAS and their immunological impacts. The state of toxicity testing related to these effects is thoroughly reviewed and critical issues pertaining to this topic are discussed.
全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）是一类持久性合成化学品，广泛应用于工业和消费品中，导致环境污染和人类接触。本综述聚焦于全氟烷基酸，它是PFAS的一个子集，主要通过饮食（包括饮用水）以及其他途径（如摄入灰尘和皮肤接触）进入人体。欧洲食品安全局已将疫苗抗体反应受损确定为风险评估中最关键的影响。此外，人类流行病学研究已将接触某些PFAS与各种免疫相关结果联系起来，如哮喘、过敏和炎症性肠病。本综述以人类流行病学数据为基础，研究全氟烷基酸在主要暴露部位（肺、肠道和皮肤）的潜在免疫调节作用。虽然引用动物研究作为背景，但本文强调需要进一步开展基于人类的研究，以解决有关PFAS及其免疫影响的关键问题。本文全面回顾了与这些影响相关的毒性测试状况，并讨论了与该主题相关的关键问题。
