Khudhur Zhikal Omar, Smail Shukur Wasman, Awla Harem Khdir, Ahmed Gasheen Bakhtiyar, Khdhir Yara Omar, Amin Kawa, Janson Christer
Biology Education Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq.
Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 25;15(1):18251. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03075-8.
Smoking remains a major health issue worldwide, causing various diseases. This research examines the effects of heavy smoking on oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, blood vascular health, and hematological parameters. A study conducted at Par Private Hospital in Erbil, Iraq, from April to May 2024 examined 104 male heavy smokers and 94 healthy male nonsmokers. Blood and biopsy samples were collected from both groups. The groups had similar age and body mass index, reducing the chances of confounding factors. Smokers showed significantly higher levels of oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (p = 0.002) and nitric oxide (p = 0.002), and lower superoxide dismutase activity (p < 0.0001) compared to controls. Smokers displayed significantly elevated levels of serum endothelin-1 and interleukin-8 (p < 0.0001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant rise in myeloperoxidase-positive cells and eosinophilic granule 2-positive eosinophils among smokers, indicating heightened neutrophil and eosinophil activity. Smokers showed elevated neutrophil counts in hematological analysis, while lymphocyte counts and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio remained unchanged. Oxidative stress parameters, endothelin-1 levels, inflammatory biomarkers, and hematological indices are all significantly influenced by heavy smoking, reflecting systemic inflammation and vascular dysfunction. Public health initiatives are urgently required to address the harmful health consequences of smoking, as indicated by noteworthy changes in inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. The study offers important information on the physical effects of long-term heavy smoking, enhancing our understanding of the health hazards associated with smoking.
吸烟仍是全球主要的健康问题，会引发各种疾病。本研究探讨重度吸烟对氧化应激、炎症生物标志物、血管健康和血液学参数的影响。2024年4月至5月在伊拉克埃尔比勒的帕尔私立医院进行的一项研究，对104名男性重度吸烟者和94名健康男性非吸烟者进行了检查。从两组中采集了血液和活检样本。两组的年龄和体重指数相似，减少了混杂因素的影响。与对照组相比，吸烟者的氧化应激标志物水平显著更高，包括丙二醛（p = 0.002）和一氧化氮（p = 0.002），而超氧化物歧化酶活性更低（p < 0.0001）。吸烟者的血清内皮素-1和白细胞介素-8水平显著升高（p < 0.0001）。免疫组织化学分析显示，吸烟者中髓过氧化物酶阳性细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞颗粒2阳性嗜酸性粒细胞显著增加，表明中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞活性增强。血液学分析显示吸烟者的中性粒细胞计数升高，而淋巴细胞计数和中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率保持不变。氧化应激参数、内皮素-1水平、炎症生物标志物和血液学指标均受到重度吸烟的显著影响，反映出全身炎症和血管功能障碍。炎症和氧化应激生物标志物的显著变化表明，迫切需要公共卫生举措来应对吸烟对健康的有害影响。该研究提供了关于长期重度吸烟身体影响的重要信息，增进了我们对吸烟相关健康危害的理解。
