Cabrolier-Molina Jeremy, Martín-Rodríguez Alexandra, Clemente-Suárez Vicente Javier
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain.
Faculty of Education Sciences, International University of Business (UNIE), 28015 Madrid, Spain.
Sports (Basel). 2025 May 19;13(5):152. doi: 10.3390/sports13050152.
This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024619693), aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise interventions on muscle function and fall risk in older adults with and without sarcopenia. : A comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science databases identified 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2015 and 2025. A total of 792 participants (mean age 75.13 ± 4.71 years; 65.53% women, 34.47% men) were included. Interventions varied in type-strength, balance, aerobic, and multi-component programs-with a minimum duration of 8 weeks. : The reviewed studies showed that physical exercise interventions significantly improved neuromuscular function, physical performance, and postural control in older adults. Positive effects were observed in gait speed, stair-climbing ability, grip strength, muscle mass, and bone density. Specific modalities such as Tai Chi improved postural control and neuromuscular response; dynamic resistance and functional training increased muscle strength and improved posture; Nordic walking reduced postural sway; and multi-component and combined walking-resistance training enhanced mobility and force efficiency. Programs integrating strength and balance components yielded the most consistent benefits. However, reporting on FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) principles was limited across studies. : Exercise interventions are effective in improving neuromuscular outcomes and reducing fall risk in older adults, both with and without sarcopenia. The findings support the need for tailored, well-structured programs and greater methodological standardization in future research to facilitate broader clinical application and maximize health outcomes.
本系统评价按照PRISMA指南进行，并在PROSPERO（CRD42024619693）上注册，旨在评估体育锻炼干预对有或无肌肉减少症的老年人肌肉功能和跌倒风险的影响。通过对PubMed和Web of Science数据库进行全面检索，确定了2015年至2025年期间发表的11项随机对照试验（RCT）。共纳入792名参与者（平均年龄75.13±4.71岁；女性占65.53%，男性占34.47%）。干预类型包括力量、平衡、有氧和多成分项目，最短持续时间为8周。综述研究表明，体育锻炼干预显著改善了老年人的神经肌肉功能、身体表现和姿势控制。在步态速度、爬楼梯能力、握力、肌肉质量和骨密度方面观察到了积极影响。太极拳等特定方式改善了姿势控制和神经肌肉反应；动态阻力和功能训练增加了肌肉力量并改善了姿势；北欧健走减少了姿势摆动；多成分和联合步行-阻力训练增强了活动能力和力量效率。整合力量和平衡成分的项目产生了最一致的益处。然而，各研究中关于FITT（频率、强度、时间、类型）原则的报告有限。运动干预对于改善有或无肌肉减少症的老年人的神经肌肉结局和降低跌倒风险均有效。研究结果支持在未来研究中需要制定量身定制、结构良好的项目，并提高方法学的标准化程度，以促进更广泛的临床应用并最大限度地提高健康结局。
