China Protocol for early screening, precise diagnosis, and individualized treatment of lung cancer.

Early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer are pivotal in clinical practice since the tumor stage remains the most dominant factor that affects patient survival. Previous initiatives have tried to develop new tools for decision-making of lung cancer. In this study, we proposed the China Protocol, a complete workflow of lung cancer tailored to the Chinese population, which is implemented by steps including early screening by evaluation of risk factors and three-dimensional thin-layer image reconstruction technique for low-dose computed tomography (Tre-LDCT), accurate diagnosis via artificial intelligence (AI) and novel biomarkers, and individualized treatment through non-invasive molecule visualization strategies. The application of this protocol has improved the early diagnosis and 5-year survival rates of lung cancer in China. The proportion of early-stage (stage I) lung cancer has increased from 46.3% to 65.6%, along with a 5-year survival rate of 90.4%. Moreover, especially for stage IA1 lung cancer, the diagnosis rate has improved from 16% to 27.9%; meanwhile, the 5-year survival rate of this group achieved 97.5%. Thus, here we defined stage IA1 lung cancer, which cohort benefits significantly from early diagnosis and treatment, as the "ultra-early stage lung cancer", aiming to provide an intuitive description for more precise management and survival improvement. In the future, we will promote our findings to multicenter remote areas through medical alliances and mobile health services with the desire to move forward the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.