Targeting Metabolic Reprogramming in Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy: A Precision Medicine Approach.

Bladder cancer, as a highly heterogeneous malignant tumor of the urinary system, is significantly affected by tumor metabolic reprogramming in its response to immunotherapy. This review systematically elaborates on the molecular mechanisms of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in the bladder cancer microenvironment and immune escape, and discusses precision treatment strategies based on metabolic regulation. In the future, it will be necessary to combine spatiotemporal omics and artificial intelligence technologies to construct a multi-target intervention system for the metabolic-immune interaction network, promoting a paradigm shift in precision treatment for bladder cancer.