Phytochemicals Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease: A Mechanistic Review.

Alcoholic beverages play a significant role in social engagement worldwide. Excessive alcohol causes a variety of health complications. Alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) is responsible for the bulk of linked fatalities. The activation of immune mechanisms has a crucial role in developing ALD. No effective medication promotes liver function, shields the liver from harm, or aids in hepatic cell regeneration. Alcohol withdrawal is one of the most beneficial therapies for ALD patients, which improves the patient's chances of survival. There is a crucial demand for safe and reasonably priced approaches to treating it. Exploring naturally derived phytochemicals has been a fascinating path, and it has drawn attention in recent years to modulators of inflammatory pathways for the prevention and management of ALD. In this review, we have discussed the roles of various immune mechanisms in ALD, highlighting the importance of intestinal barrier integrity and gut microbiota, as well as the roles of immune cells and hepatic inflammation, and other pathways, including cGAS-STING, NLRP3, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and NF-kB. Further, this review also outlines the possible role of phytochemicals in targeting these inflammatory pathways to safeguard the liver from alcohol-induced injury. We highlighted that targeting immunological mechanisms using phytochemicals or herbal medicine may find a place to counteract ALD. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo investigations have shown promising results; nonetheless, more extensive work is required to properly understand these compounds' mechanisms of action. Clinical investigations are very crucial in transferring laboratory knowledge into effective patient therapy.