Molecular Detection of in Migratory Waterfowl of the Genus (Anseriformes: Anatidae) in Poland.

Microsporidiosis is a zoonotic disease that derives from disparate sources. Most of the microsporidial agents are host-specific but some are capable of interspecies transmission, causing disease in various animals including humans. Human microsporidiosis may be caused by 17 species, with , and mostly being responsible for human infections worldwide. Wildlife and migratory waterfowl can serve as reservoirs of these human-infectious agents and play a significant role in disseminating these pathogens into the environment. The aim of the study was to detect , and in wild, migratory greater white-fronted geese () and other Anatidae members in feacal samples obtained in north-western Poland, using a molecular method. We collected 189 fecal droppings from Anatidae species (75 samples from greater white-fronted geese and 114 from other spp.) during autumn migration. New species specific primers for PCR amplification were used to amplify a fragment of the small subunit ribosomal (SSU) rRNA of , and . All fecal droppings were negative for and whereas was detected in 6 of 189 fecal samples (3.2%; 95% CI: 1.3-6.3%). In total, 1 of 75 tested fecal samples of greater white-fronted geese was positive (1.3%; 95% CI: 0.08-5.7%) while 5 of 114 (4.4%; 95% CI: 1.6-9.1%) tested fecal samples without exact species affiliation (only sp.) were also positive. The phylogenetic analysis placed the sequences obtained from the birds' droppings in the clade from various rodents, wild carnivores and humans. Our results provide the first description of the occurrence and genotyping of the microsporidian in greater white-fronted geese and in other members of the Anserinae Subfamily. Our findings support the results of other authors that may originate from diverse sources, including common waterfowl. Our results are important in a One Health context, as wild migrating waterfowl may disseminate this zoonotic agent in remote regions through their migratory behaviour. These species should be considered significant sources of zoonotic pathogens, potentially hazardous to domestic and farmed animals as well as humans.