Solarczyk Piotr, Wojtkowiak-Giera Agnieszka, Heddergott Mike
Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland.
Department of Zoology, Musée National d'Historire Naturelle, 25, Rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
Pathogens. 2023 Mar 20;12(3):487. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12030487.
, , , and microsporidia are gastrointestinal pathogens that can cause various disease symptoms in both animals and humans. Numerous studies worldwide have confirmed the presence of these eukaryotic pathogens in nesting and migrating wild geese, ducks, and swans. Migration spreads these zoonotic enteric pathogens to distant locations, which could have public health implications. Soils and water bodies (lakes, ponds, rivers and wetlands) in urban and suburban areas have been shown to be vulnerable to contamination by waterfowl droppings. This review addresses the epidemiology of these enteric pathogens in wild migratory bird species (Anatidae) and some consequences of their spread in the environment. To date, both zoonotic pathogens and genotypes restricted to avian hosts have been found in faecal samples from 21 anatid species worldwide. One of the routes of infection for these zoonotic gastrointestinal micropathogens is the indirect route. For example, shared water bodies (e.g., for drinking or recreational purposes) previously contaminated by birds during the migratory season may facilitate infections of humans through water. However, it is unclear how much wild waterfowl contribute to the transmission of giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporosis, and microsporidiosis in many regions through contaminated environmental sources. Comprehensive epidemiological surveillance based on molecular data on gastrointestinal pathogens is crucial to take measures to control infections in the future.
贾第虫、隐孢子虫、环孢子虫和微孢子虫是胃肠道病原体，可在动物和人类中引起各种疾病症状。全球众多研究已证实这些真核病原体存在于筑巢和迁徙的野生鹅、鸭和天鹅体内。迁徙将这些人畜共患肠道病原体传播到遥远的地方，这可能对公共卫生产生影响。城市和郊区的土壤和水体（湖泊、池塘、河流和湿地）已被证明容易受到水禽粪便的污染。本综述探讨了这些肠道病原体在野生候鸟物种（鸭科）中的流行病学及其在环境中传播的一些后果。迄今为止，在全球21种鸭科动物的粪便样本中发现了人畜共患病原体和仅限于鸟类宿主的基因型。这些人畜共患胃肠道微病原体的感染途径之一是间接途径。例如，在迁徙季节之前被鸟类污染的共享水体（如用于饮用或娱乐目的）可能会通过水促进人类感染。然而，在许多地区，尚不清楚野生水禽通过受污染的环境来源对贾第虫病、隐孢子虫病、环孢子虫病和微孢子虫病传播的贡献程度。基于胃肠道病原体分子数据的全面流行病学监测对于未来采取控制感染的措施至关重要。
