Persson Josefin, Hagberg Jessika, Carlberg Michael, Wang Thanh
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Business, Science and Engineering, Örebro University, SE70182, Örebro, Sweden; Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182, Örebro, Sweden.
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Business, Science and Engineering, Örebro University, SE70182, Örebro, Sweden; Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182, Örebro, Sweden.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2025 Jun;267:114598. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2025.114598. Epub 2025 May 28.
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are added to various products to gain specific properties such as reduced flammability and increased flexibility, which has resulted in constant, but usually slow, emission of these compounds to indoor environments. Many BFRs and OPEs are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, and have often been detected in indoor dust. This has raised concerns because indoor dust has been identified as one of the major non-dietary exposure pathways for children. In this study, 26 BFRs and OPEs were measured in indoor dust samples collected from 26 preschools in Sweden to identify potential indoor contamination sources and estimate the exposure risk of the detected levels. Among the targeted OPEs, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was detected in all the preschools, with a mean concentration of 610 μg/g. Among the BFRs, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the predominant compound, with a mean concentration of 130 ng/g, even though it is globally regulated. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was significant higher in preschools built before 2014. Also, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and BDE-209 were significant higher in preschools with sound boards on the walls and without wallpaper, respectively. Furthermore, in three of the participating preschools, an increase in total OPEs was observed between the years 2015 and 2023, possibly due to constant release of the targeted compounds and introduction of new and recycled products. Although the detected indoor dust levels showed a low exposure risk, levels of TBOEP were found to significantly contribute to the chemical burden of children attending the preschools.
溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）和有机磷酸酯（OPEs）被添加到各种产品中以获得特定性能，如降低可燃性和增加柔韧性，这导致这些化合物持续但通常缓慢地释放到室内环境中。许多BFRs和OPEs具有持久性、生物累积性和毒性，并且经常在室内灰尘中被检测到。这引发了人们的担忧，因为室内灰尘已被确定为儿童主要的非饮食暴露途径之一。在本研究中，对从瑞典26所幼儿园采集的室内灰尘样本中的26种BFRs和OPEs进行了测量，以确定潜在的室内污染源，并估计所检测水平的暴露风险。在所靶向的OPEs中，所有幼儿园均检测到磷酸三（2-丁氧基乙基）酯（TBOEP），平均浓度为610μg/g。在BFRs中，十溴二苯醚（BDE-209）是主要化合物，平均浓度为130ng/g，尽管它在全球受到监管。2014年以前建造的幼儿园中磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）含量显著更高。此外，在墙壁上有隔音板且没有壁纸的幼儿园中，磷酸二（2-乙基己基）苯酯（EHDP）和BDE-209分别显著更高。此外，在三所参与研究的幼儿园中，2015年至2023年间观察到总OPEs有所增加，这可能是由于所靶向化合物的持续释放以及新的和回收产品的引入。尽管检测到的室内灰尘水平显示出较低的暴露风险，但发现TBOEP的水平对就读幼儿园儿童的化学负担有显著贡献。
