Galiano Aida, Blasco Josep, Martín-Álvarez Juan Manuel, Del Arco Osuna Miguel Angel
Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Av. La Paz, 153, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
Health Econ Rev. 2025 Jun 2;15(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s13561-025-00641-8.
This paper aims to examine regional disparities in cigarette sales that occurred after the implementation of two laws regulating the sale and use of tobacco products in Spain. These laws became effective in December 2005 (Act 28/2005) and December 2010 (Act 42/2010). Furthermore, it provides a framework for studying spill-over effects pertaining to cross-border strategies that may alter how frontier regions react to the implementation of the laws. Provincial official data from January 2005 to December 2010 for legal cigarette sales has been divided into two distinct periods based on these regulatory changes. We apply Phillips and Sul's club convergence test for absolute and withing-group convergence. Our findings indicate that although the 2010 law helped to reduce disparities across provinces, there was no complete convergence, meaning that the impact of the law was not uniform across all regions, especially in frontier regions with France and Gibraltar. However, we observe evidence of convergence within groups of similar entities, and the number of these groups decreased over time. This outcome highlights several interesting insights. Firstly, it supports what previous studies have established, indicating that the 2010 law was more restrictive than the one in 2005. Secondly, the effectiveness of these regulations can vary in border regions due to different laws in neighboring countries, resulting in unintended consequences that can reduce the impact of tobacco control policies, a result that is also in line with the literature. Finally, it is important to have harmonized regulations to ensure greater effectiveness in controlling tobacco use.
本文旨在研究西班牙实施两项规范烟草制品销售和使用的法律后，卷烟销售方面出现的地区差异。这些法律分别于2005年12月（第28/2005号法案）和2010年12月（第42/2010号法案）生效。此外，它为研究跨境策略的溢出效应提供了一个框架，这些效应可能会改变边境地区对法律实施的反应。基于这些监管变化，2005年1月至2010年12月省级合法卷烟销售的官方数据被分为两个不同时期。我们应用菲利普斯和苏尔的俱乐部收敛检验来检验绝对收敛和组内收敛。我们的研究结果表明，尽管2010年的法律有助于减少各省之间的差异，但并没有完全收敛，这意味着该法律的影响在所有地区并不统一，尤其是在与法国和直布罗陀接壤的边境地区。然而，我们观察到类似实体组内存在收敛的证据，并且这些组的数量随着时间的推移而减少。这一结果凸显了几个有趣的见解。首先，它支持了先前研究的结论，表明2010年的法律比2005年的法律更具限制性。其次，由于邻国法律不同，这些法规在边境地区的有效性可能会有所不同，从而产生意想不到的后果，削弱烟草控制政策的影响，这一结果也与文献一致。最后，统一法规对于确保在控制烟草使用方面取得更大成效非常重要。
