Yan Wenlong, Zhang Kun, Guo Jing, Xu Lingfen
Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Front Immunol. 2025 May 19;16:1595486. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1595486. eCollection 2025.
Bile acids (BAs) are critical mediators of metabolic and immune regulation, influencing both liver and intestinal function. Their homeostasis, maintained through the enterohepatic circulation, is pivotal for immune-metabolic balance. BAs activate key receptors, including Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and TGR5, to modulate inflammation. FXR exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-κB signaling and cytokine production, whereas TGR5 primarily regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Dysregulated BA signaling, driven by microbial dysbiosis, exacerbates inflammatory diseases like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review explores the intricate roles of BAs in inflammation, highlighting the microbiome's influence on BA metabolism and immune responses. Understanding the BA-immune axis offers new therapeutic avenues for modulating inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in inflammatory diseases.
胆汁酸（BAs）是代谢和免疫调节的关键介质，影响肝脏和肠道功能。通过肠肝循环维持的胆汁酸稳态对于免疫代谢平衡至关重要。胆汁酸激活包括法尼醇X受体（FXR）和TGR5在内的关键受体，以调节炎症。FXR通过抑制NF-κB信号传导和细胞因子产生发挥抗炎作用，而TGR5主要调节NLRP3炎性小体的激活。由微生物群失调驱动的胆汁酸信号传导失调会加剧非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）和炎症性肠病（IBD）等炎症性疾病。本综述探讨了胆汁酸在炎症中的复杂作用，强调了微生物群对胆汁酸代谢和免疫反应的影响。了解胆汁酸-免疫轴为调节炎症和改善炎症性疾病的临床结局提供了新的治疗途径。
