de Diego-Cordero Rocio, Martin-Palomino Emilio, Aranda-Jerez Alicia, Perez-Jimenez Jose Miguel, Lucchetti Giancarlo
Department of Nursing, Schools of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, C/ Avenzoar 6, 41009, Seville, Spain.
Research Group CTS1149: Integral and Sustainable Health: Bio-Psycho-Social, Cultural and Spiritual Approach for Human Development, Seville, Spain.
J Relig Health. 2025 Aug;64(4):3089-3104. doi: 10.1007/s10943-025-02343-1. Epub 2025 Jun 5.
The subjective and biopsychosocial-spiritual nature of pain makes its assessment difficult. Although multidimensional scales exist, few pain instruments have included spiritual aspects in their development, so our purpose is to investigate the inclusion of spirituality in pain assessment scales available in Spanish. A review of the scientific literature was carried out in the PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases. To make the search more exhaustive, Internet databases were searched, and the Spanish Pain Society was consulted. For each instrument, items were rated and classified according to a broader (i.e., family, nature, transcendence, meaning) or narrower (i.e., deity or higher power) definition of spirituality. Out of a total of 838 items searched in the databases, 8 multidimensional pain scales were found in Spanish, and 5 included items related to spirituality and/or religiosity. Most of the scales do not focus directly on the assessment of spiritual pain. Although the Coping with Chronic Pain Questionnaire has clear items related to prayer, God, faith and seeking religious leaders, the other scales only touch on spiritual definitions and most of these would lead to "contaminated" results due to poor design. It seems that these scales were not originally designed to assess the spiritual dimension of pain but, instead, have some existential items that are linked to a broader definition of spirituality, such as hope, suffering, emptiness and meaning. The present review has revealed that most pain scales available in Spanish were not originally designed to investigate spiritual pain, assessing indirectly items related to spirituality. These findings highlight that, although spirituality is an important aspect of pain, its assessment is still scarce in clinical practice and research. Future instruments should include a more holistic view of pain, which includes aspects related to spirituality and religiousness.
疼痛的主观性以及生物心理社会 - 精神层面的本质使其评估变得困难。尽管存在多维量表，但很少有疼痛评估工具在其开发过程中纳入精神层面的内容，因此我们的目的是研究西班牙语版疼痛评估量表中精神层面内容的纳入情况。我们在PubMed、SCOPUS和Web of Science数据库中对科学文献进行了综述。为了使搜索更全面，我们还搜索了互联网数据库，并咨询了西班牙疼痛协会。对于每个工具，根据对精神性更宽泛（即家庭、自然、超越、意义）或更狭义（即神灵或更高力量）的定义对条目进行评分和分类。在数据库中搜索的总共838个条目中，我们发现了8个西班牙语版的多维疼痛量表，其中5个包含与精神性和/或宗教性相关的条目。大多数量表并未直接聚焦于精神性疼痛的评估。尽管《慢性疼痛应对问卷》有与祈祷、上帝、信仰和寻求宗教领袖相关的明确条目，但其他量表仅涉及精神性定义，并且由于设计不佳，其中大多数会导致“受污染”的结果。似乎这些量表最初并非设计用于评估疼痛的精神层面，而是有一些与精神性更宽泛定义相关的存在主义条目，如希望、痛苦、空虚和意义。本综述表明，大多数西班牙语版疼痛量表最初并非设计用于调查精神性疼痛，而是间接评估与精神性相关的条目。这些发现突出表明，尽管精神性是疼痛的一个重要方面，但其评估在临床实践和研究中仍然很少见。未来的工具应包括对疼痛更全面的看法，其中包括与精神性和宗教性相关的方面。
