Jiang Yuhong, Qi Shanshan, Mao Canquan
Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
Acta Pharm Sin B. 2025 Apr;15(4):1796-1815. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2025.03.006. Epub 2025 Mar 7.
Adjuvants as essential ingredients amplify the magnitude and durability of immune responses in various vaccine strategies. Polysaccharides with potent immunoenhancing effects are widely applied as promising vaccine adjuvants, however, they have rarely been licensed for use in human vaccines due to the limitation of their efficacy and safety. Moreover, nanoparticles not only act as antigen drug delivery vectors but also possess intrinsic adjuvant functions, revealing the dual effects of nanoparticles in augmenting antigen-specific immune responses. Intriguingly, nanoparticle forms can enhance the immunostimulatory potency of polysaccharide adjuvants, since polysaccharide nanoparticles exert more excellent adjuvant effects than polysaccharides in initiating humoral, cellular and mucosal immune responses. Emerging evidence has also suggested that multiple immune-related signaling pathways including cGAS-STING, NLRP3, TLRs, cell death or metabolism signaling probably participate in the immunomodulation of polysaccharide nanoparticles, but systemic investigations into the adjuvant mechanism are still inadequate. This review aims to give an updated summary and discussion on the adjuvant function and mechanism of polysaccharide nanoparticles for understanding their superior adjuvant property and effectively utilizing them as potent immune adjuvants in vaccine development.
佐剂作为关键成分，可增强各种疫苗策略中免疫反应的强度和持久性。具有强大免疫增强作用的多糖被广泛用作有前景的疫苗佐剂，然而，由于其有效性和安全性的限制，它们很少被批准用于人类疫苗。此外，纳米颗粒不仅可作为抗原药物递送载体，还具有内在的佐剂功能，揭示了纳米颗粒在增强抗原特异性免疫反应中的双重作用。有趣的是，纳米颗粒形式可增强多糖佐剂的免疫刺激效力，因为多糖纳米颗粒在引发体液免疫、细胞免疫和黏膜免疫反应方面比多糖具有更优异的佐剂效果。新出现的证据还表明，包括cGAS-STING、NLRP3、TLR、细胞死亡或代谢信号在内的多种免疫相关信号通路可能参与多糖纳米颗粒的免疫调节，但对其佐剂机制的系统性研究仍不充分。本综述旨在对多糖纳米颗粒的佐剂功能和机制进行更新总结和讨论，以了解其卓越的佐剂特性，并在疫苗开发中有效地将它们用作强大的免疫佐剂。
