Jung Won, Son Young Min
Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si 17546, Republic of Korea.
J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025 Jun 12;35:e2404033. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2504.04033.
Mucosal surfaces are dynamic immunological interfaces that play a critical role in maintaining host defense and microbial homeostasis. Disruptions in the interaction between the mucosal immune system and its commensal microbiota have been associated with the onset of several diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and bacterial vaginosis. This review examines recent advances in nanoparticle (NP)-based strategies aimed at modulating mucosal immunity and restructuring microbial communities. It highlights how organic and inorganic NPs such as polysaccharide-based carriers, lipid NPs, and metallic nanomaterials enhance the delivery and stability of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, and facilitate targeted immunomodulation across gastrointestinal, respiratory, and female reproductive mucosal tissues. NP-based strategies are particularly emphasized for their ability to penetrate mucus barriers, facilitate microbial colonization, modulate cytokine activity, and enhance the restoration of epithelial barrier function. Disease-specific applications, including NP-based therapies for colitis, respiratory inflammation, and vaginal dysbiosis, are also discussed. In addition, this review outlines current challenges related to biosafety, targeting specificity, and clinical translation, and suggests future directions for research. Altogether, NP platforms offer a promising avenue for the precise modulation of mucosal immunity and microbiota, with significant potential in the prevention and treatment of mucosal-associated diseases.
黏膜表面是动态的免疫界面，在维持宿主防御和微生物稳态方面发挥着关键作用。黏膜免疫系统与其共生微生物群之间相互作用的破坏与多种疾病的发生有关，包括炎症性肠病、哮喘和细菌性阴道病。本综述探讨了基于纳米颗粒（NP）的策略在调节黏膜免疫和重塑微生物群落方面的最新进展。它强调了有机和无机NP，如多糖基载体、脂质NP和金属纳米材料，如何增强益生菌、益生元及合生元的递送和稳定性，并促进跨胃肠道、呼吸道和女性生殖黏膜组织的靶向免疫调节。基于NP的策略因其穿透黏液屏障、促进微生物定植、调节细胞因子活性以及增强上皮屏障功能恢复的能力而受到特别强调。还讨论了特定疾病的应用，包括基于NP的结肠炎、呼吸道炎症和阴道生态失调治疗方法。此外，本综述概述了与生物安全性、靶向特异性和临床转化相关的当前挑战，并提出了未来的研究方向。总之，NP平台为精确调节黏膜免疫和微生物群提供了一条有前景的途径，在预防和治疗黏膜相关疾病方面具有巨大潜力。
